health exam

addiction

treatable chronic disease characterized by a compulsive dependence on a behavior or substance despite ongoing negative consequences

physiological dependence

adaptive state of brain and body processes that occurs with regular addictive behavior. Two characteristics are that tolerance develops and withdrawal symptoms will occur if drug use ceases

psychological dependence

Dependency of the mind on a substance or behavior, which can lead to psychological withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, or cravings.

compulsion

Preoccupation with a behavior and an overwhelming need to perform it.

loss of control

Inability to predict reliably whether a particular instance of involvement with an addictive substance or behavior will be healthy or damaging

negative consequences

Physical damage, legal trouble, financial ruin, academic failure, family dissolution, and other severe problems that do not occur with healthy involvement in any behavior

denial

Inability to perceive or accurately interpret the self-destructive effects of an addictive behavior

inability to abstain

Failure to avoid drug use over a sustained period of time.

psychoactive drugs

alter mood or behavior by acting on neurotransmitters in the brain, they enhance or suppress it

types of drugs

prescription, over the counter, recreational, herbal, illicit, commercial preparations

prescription drugs

more than 10,000 prescription drugs sold in the US

over the counter drugs

more than 100,000 are available

recreational drugs

vague category, includes alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine

herbal preparations

about 750 of them

commercial preparations

universally used, not recognised as drugs, perfumes, cosmetics, household cleansers, paints, glues, dyes, pesticides

Oral Ingestion

taken by mouth

inhalation (most rapid)

sniffed, smoked, or inhaled

injection

administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously

transdermal (inunction)

absorbed through the skin, vagina, or anus (suppositories)

most common route of administration?

oral ingestion

fastest route?

inhalation, followed by intravenous

polydrug use

several substances taken simultaneously

synergism (potentiation)

effects of 2 or more drugs are multiplied beyond what is expected if each were taken alone

inhibition

effects of one drug are eliminated or reduced by the presence of another drug

cross-tolerance

tolerance to one drug transfers to a second drug

drug misuse

involves using a drug for a purpose other than that for which it was intended

drug abuse

excessive use of any drug and may cause serious harm

abuse of over the counter drugs

most candidates are teens, young adults, and adults over 65. abused medicines include sleep aids, cold medicines, and diet pills

schedule 1 drugs

no currently accepted medical use, high potential for abuse, most dangerous (includes heroin, LSD, marijuana, Ecstasy, Meth, Peyote)

stimulants (increase nervous system activity)

cocaine, amphtehtamine, methamphtetamine, methylphenidate

cannabis

marijuana, hashish, insomnia hashish oil

narcotics (opioids)

heroin, morphine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, codeine

depressants

gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), benzodiazepines, barbiturates

hallucinogens

MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly), LSD, phencyclidine (PCP), shrooms, ketamine, mescaline

inhalants

amyl and butyl nitrite, nitrous oxide

anabolic steroids

testosterone, injectable or pill form. mood swings, acne, higher cholesterol leve.s

cocaine

snorted, smoked, injected, CNS stimulant, high doses can lead to increased heart rate and blood pressure, weight loss, convulsions, muscle twitching, and other effects

caffeine

most popular and widely used drug in the US, mild CNS stimulant

cannabis active ingredient

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) psychoactive substance in marijuana

medical marijuana

reduces severe nausea/vomiting caused by chemo, improves appetite, forestalls muscle mass loss associated with AIDS, reduces muscle pain and spasms

synthetic marijuana

K2, Spice, mimics weed intoxication, but with longer duration and poor detection on urine and drug screening

narcotics: opiates/opioids

powerful CNS depressants, can relieve pain, increase drowsiness. morphine, codeine, percodan, demerol, dilaudid, OxyContin

opiate v. opioid

opiate: natural substances extracted from the flowering opium poppy plant (heroin, morphine, codeine)

opioid: broad term describing any substance that binds to opioid receptors in the brain

fentanyl

synthetic opioid drug. approved by the FDA for pain relief and anesthetic. 6/10 fake prescription pills are laced

Tranq

fentanyl mixed with Xylazine, used as an animal tranquilizer

Narcan

over the counter nasal spray helps reduce opioid overdose

depressants: benzodiazepines and barbiturates

sedative drugs promoting calmness and reduced anxiety, depress the CNS.

date rape drugs

rohypnol, GHB, ketamine, Chloral Hydrate

hallucinogens/psychedelics

mild altering drugs affecting the brain and nervous system. major sites are in the reticular formation (brainstem) (LSD, Mescaline, Psilocybin (shrooms), PCP)

club drugs

ecstasy (MDMA) Bath salts (similar acting to MDMA), can be unpredictable with their effects

detoxification

early abstinence period, addict adjusts physically and cognitively. treatment: outpatient behavioural treatment, AA meetings, etc.

cycle of addiction

compulsion, obsession, loss of control, negative consequences, denial, inability to abstain

cigarette smoking rate in the US

males have a higher rate than females

nicotine

chemical stimulant; highly addictive

tar

condensed particulate matter from smoke that accumulates in the lungs; main cause of lung and throat cnacer in smokers

phenols

chemical irritants in smoke that may combine with other chemicals to contribute to the development of lung cancer

carbon monoxide

found in cigarette smoke; binds at oxygen receptor sites in the blood. smokers have higher COHb levels in their blood

menthol cigarettes

higher carbon monoxide concentrations than regular cigarettes

Nicotine Equivalence

1 pack of cigarettes (20) is equivalent in nicotine to 1 juul pod and 1 puff bar

leukoplakia

thick white patched on the inside surfaces of the mouth. can be a sign of precancerous changes in the mouth or mouth cancer

what cancers is tobacco linked to?

lung, pancreatic, kidney, bladder, larynx

tobacco and cardiovascular disease

2 to 4 times more likely to suffer from strokes

Environmental Tobacco Smoke

inhaling smoke involuntary from those around you; responsible for 3,400 lung cancer deaths, 46,000 coronary and heart deaths, and higher risk of SIDS

benefits of quitting

after 1 year of not smoking, the risk for lung cancer and stroke decreases

platelet adhesiveness

the sticking together of red blood cells associated with blood clots

Cardiovascular disease

diseases of the heart and blood vessels, such as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and congenital defects

ischemic heart disease and stroke

remain the leading cause of global deaths

the heart:

four chambered pump

blood is collected in the upper chambers (atria) from the rest of the body

the lower chambers (ventricles) pump the blood out again

atherosclerosis/coronary artery disease

deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste produces, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of the artery

peripheral artery disease (PAD) - when atherosclerosis occurs in the lower extremities

hyperlipidemia - abnormally high blood lipid level

plaque - buildup of deposits in the arteries

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

heart attack; blood supply to the heart is disrupted

coronary thrombosis

caused by a blood clot in the coronary artery, stationary clot

embolus

blood clot is dislodged and moves through the circulatory system

collateral circulation

alternative route of blood flow that develops when blockage of the heart is minor

heart attack symptoms

more common in men: crushing/squeezing chest pain, pain radiating down the jaw/arm/neck

more common in women: chest pressure, shortness of breath, nausea/lightheadedness, weakness, fatigue, sleep disturbances, indigestion, flulike symptoms

stroke

occurs when the blood supply to the brain is disrupted

aneurysm

bulging or burst blood vesseel

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

brief interruption of the blood supply that causes temporary impairment. may be felt as sudden numbness or weakness in the face or in an arm or leg, especially on one side of the body

test for a stroke

Facial droop or numbness

Arm weakness or numbness

Speech difficulty

Time to act

thrombolytics

medicines that rapidly dissolve blood clots

used as soon as possible after a heart attack or stroke (tissue plasminogen activator (TPA))

hypertension

sustained elevated blood pressure

110/80 is a healthy number for the average person

Normal blood pressure

systolic: less than 120

diastolic: less than 80

elevated blood pressure

systolic: 120-129

diastolic: less than 80

high blood pressure (hypertension) stage 1

systolic: 130-139

diastolic: 80-89

high blood pressure (hypertension) stage 2

systolic: 140 or higher

diastolic: 90 or higher

hypertensive crisis (emergency care needed)

systolic: higher than 180

diastolic: higher than 120

Angina pectoris

not enough oxygen supplies the heart muscle, indicates underlying heart disease

ischemia: reduction in the heart’s blood and oxygen supply

nitroglycerin

drug used to relax (dilate) the veins

beta blockers

control potential over-activity of heart muscle. reduce your blood pressure, the heart beats slower and with less force

calcium channel blockers

allow blood vessels to relax and open

arrhythmias

irregularities in heart rhythm

tachycardia

racing heartbeat in the absence of exercise or anxiety

bradycardia

abnormally slow heartbeat

fibrillation

sporadic heartbeat with a quivering pattern

congestive heart failure

damage to the heart muscle may result from rheumatic fever, pneumonia, heart attack, or other cardiovascular problems.

lack of circulation may allow blood to accumulat in the vessels of the legs, ankles, or lungs

diruetics

relieve fluid accumulation

rheumatic fever

disease that can affect the heart, joints, brain, and skin

can develop if strep throat, scarlet fever, and strep skin infections aren’t treated properly

congenital cardiovascular defects

most common type of birth defect

approx. 40,000 infants are born with one each year

due to genetics, maternal diseases, or chemical intake during fetal developmentm

metabolic syndrome

obesity, high triglycerides, low HDL (good cholesterol), high fasting blood glucose, high blood pressure

recommended cholesterol levels for lower/moderate risk adults

total cholesterol level: less than 200 mg/dL

LDL (bad) cholesterol level: less than 100 mg/dL

HDL (good) cholesterol level: 60 mg/dL and higher

triglyceride levels: <150 mg/dL

Aspirin

blood thinning qualities