Psychology Unit 4 Learning

What is social learning theory?

\-Theory by Albert Bandura

\-Suggests that social behavior is learned by OBSERVING and IMITATING the behavior of others.

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Which of the following responses were most likely acquired through classical conditioning?

A child’s fear of dogs after the child has been bitten by a dog.

In Ivan Pavlov’s experiments, the dogs salivation was

Both an unconditioned and conditioned response

What is self-efficacy?

Reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's:

\-own motivation

\- own behavior

\-own social environment.

Wolfgang Kohler considered a chimpanzee’s sudden solving of problem evident of:

Insight

Types of Learning: what is learning?

The permanent and relative change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Types of Learning: What is associative (conditioning) learning?

Learning through making connections or associations between two events.

Types of Learning: What is behaviorism?

The observable behaviors discounting mental activities

Types of Learning: What is observational learning?

Learning from observation and imitation of one’s behavior

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What are the two types of associative learning?

Classical and Operant Conditioning

What is classical conditioning?

\-learning process

\-neutral stimulus has association with meaningful stimulus and ability to acquire a similar response

What is operant (instrumental) conditioning?

Associative learning where consequences of behavior change the probability of behavior occurrences with reward or punishment

CC: What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

The production of a response WITHOUT prior learning

CC: What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?

This is an UNLEARNED response that is AUTOMATED by the unconditioned stimulus

CC: What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?

Something that does not produce and UNCONDITIONED response

CC: What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Elicits a conditioned response after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus

CC: What is a conditioned response(CR)?

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

what is a reflex?

An automatic stimulus/response connection

CC: What is Acquisition?

Learning-Linking a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral is triggering the conditioned response.

CC: What is Extinction?

Conditioned Response is weakened by presenting conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

(ring bell but no food=doff stop salivating)

OC: What is extinction?

Response is no longer reinforced.

\*\*\*\*CC: What is spontaneous recovery?

Conditioned Response reappears after a time delay without more learning. (Pavlov rang bell next day, dog salivated)

CC: What is Renewal?

The reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response.

CC: Who was in charge of Little Albert? What year?

John Watson and Rayner; 1920

CC: In the little albert experiment, What ere the UCS, UCR, CS, CR?

UCS: loud noise

UCR: fear of loud noise

CS: white rat

CR: fear of rat

CC: What is aversive conditioning?

Treatment consisting of repeated pairing of a stimulus w a very unpleasant one

CC: What is Antabuse?

Alcoholism treat for drugs since 1940s

CC: What is the placebo effect?

The effect of a substance or procedure that is used as a control to identify treatment effects.

CC: What is a taste aversion?

Between taste and nausea from one unique pairing

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getting the flu after eating a specific food

then, long past the incident, avoiding the food that you ate prior to getting sick

This can happen even though the food didn't cause the illness since it isn't spread this way

CC: What is advertising?

associative learning which includes making connections

CC:What is drug habituation?

Getting used to a drug you are taking which decreases responsiveness after repeated presentation to a stimulus

OC: What is Edward Thorndike’s law of effect?

Consequences either strengthen or weakens behavior

OC: What is BF Skinner known for?

Expanded on Thorndike’s work with research on pigeons for OC behavior for **shaping** rewards for desired behavior. EX Pats tickets

OC: What is BF Skinner known for with the skinner box?

Skinner box to control and observe responses to record unique reinforcement

OC: What was the purpose of the skinner box (operant chamber) ?

To study behavior in a controlled environment.

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OC: What is reinforcement?

Process by which a rewarding stimulus or event following a particular behavior to increase the likelihood

\*\*\*\*OC: What is Positive Reinforcement?

ADD pleasant stimulus to INCREASE/MAINTAIN behavior

\*\*\*\*OC: What is Positive Punishment?

ADD aversive stimulus to DECREASE behavior

\*\*\*\*OC: What is Negative Reinforcement?

REMOVE a pleasant stimulus to INCREASE/MAINTAIN behavior

\*\*\*\*OC: What is Negative Punishment?

REMOVE an aversive stimulus to DECREASE behavior

OC: What is Punishment?

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.

__Which type of Reinforcement or Punishment is this:__

Police pulling drivers over and giving them prizes for wearing their seatbelts

PR

__Which type of Reinforcement or Punishment is this:__

Suspending a basketball player for committing a foul

NP

__Which type of Reinforcement or Punishment is this:__

A soccer player rolls her eyes at a teammate who delivered a bad pass

PP

__Which type of Reinforcement or Punishment is this:__

A hospital patient who is allowed extra visiting time after eating a complete meal

PR

__Which type of Reinforcement or Punishment is this:__

Receiving a city utility discount for participating in a recycling program

PR

__Which type of Reinforcement or Punishment is this:__

Grounding a teenager until his or her HW is finished

NR

__Which type of Reinforcement or Punishment is this:__

Scolding a child for playing in the street

PP

__Which type of Reinforcement or Punishment is this:__

A prisoner loses TV privileges for one week for a rule violation

NP

__Which type of Reinforcement or Punishment is this:__

A parent/guardian nagging a child to clean up their room

NR

__Which type of Reinforcement or Punishment is this:__

A rat presses a lever to terminate a shock or loud noise

NR

__Which type of Reinforcement or Punishment is this:__

Your teacher gives you extra credit for perfect attendance

PR

__Which type of Reinforcement or Punishment is this:__

A young child receives $5 for getting good grades in school.

PR

__Which type of Reinforcement or Punishment is this:__

The employee of the month gets a reserved parking space

PR

__Which type of Reinforcement or Punishment is this:__

A woman watching a football game offers her child a candy to play quietly

PR

__Which type of Reinforcement or Punishment is this:__

A mother smiles when her toddler says “mama”

PR

OC: What is Shaping?

A procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviors toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

\*\*\*\*What is intrinsic (internal) motivation?

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for is own sake.

(Driven our of pure interest and curiosity)

\*\*\*\*What is extrinsic motivation?

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

(Work to candy)

\*\*\*\*What is latent (implicit) learning?

Unreinforced learning immediately reflected when there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

“lay of land“

rat w or w/o cheese

\*\*\*\*What is insight learning?

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“aha“ problem solving with developing insight or understanding problem (REALIZATION)

How do you answer an FRQ?

DEFINE then APPLY

What are the three timings of consequences?

immediate vs delayed reinforcement

immediate vs delayed punishment

immediate vs delayed reinforcement and punishment

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Ex: obesity, smoking, drinking all have immediate answer

__Applied Behavior Analysis:__

What are these examples of--

\-work/school performance

\-train behavior for kid w diff learning

\-instruct on effective parenting

\-enhance environmental conscious behavior

\-promote workplace safety

\-improve self-control

Behavior modification

ABA: What is observational learning?

person observes and imitates-modeling (social setting/experiences)

ABA: What is Albert Bandura known for in terms of Theories?

Social Cognitive Theory with four processes of

\-attention

\-retention

\-motor reproduction

\-reinforcement

What is Albert Bandura known for in terms of experiments?

“Bandura-bobo“

Bobo clowns/Bobo doll experiment (1961-1963)

Study child behavior after adult model with aggression towards doll

Principles of Reinforcement:

What is avoidance reinforcement/learning?

Learning to avoid a negative stimulus …by making a **particular response**, a **negative stimulus** can be __avoided –__

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previously failed, permanently change behavior

POR:

What is learned helplessness?

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learning through experience that there is an unavoidable negative stimuli with no control over negative outcomes

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(learning no control over negative outcomes)

POR:

What are the two types of reinforcers?

Primary and Secondary

POR:

What are primary reinforcers?

innately satisfying and pleasurable without learning

POR:

What are secondary reinforcers?

Learned/conditioned behavior that is satisfying through learning and repeated association

POR:

What is a token economy?

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Rewarded behavior

Schedules of Reinforcement:

OC- What is generalization?

A response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response

SOR:

CC-What is discrimination

A stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

What is cognitive learning?

engage senses in a constructive and long lasting way for an immersive and active process

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CC: What is high order conditioning?

A procedure in which the CS of one experiment acts as the UCS of another for the purpose of conditioning a neutral stimulus.

Wat is learning?

Change behavior due to experience

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What is habituation?

repeated exposure or association

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What is a stimulus?

anything that elicits response either internal or external

What is respondent behavior?

occurs as an automatic response to same stimulus

What is operant behavior?

produces reward or punishment based on operating from environment

What is discriminative stimulus?

A stimulus that elicits response after an association with a stimuli not associated with reinforcement

(differentiating between different categories )

What is reinforcement schedule?

precise rules that are used to present or remove reinforcers or punishers following a specified operant behavior

What is a continuous reinforcement schedule?

The repeated reinforcement of a behavior every time is happens

What is a partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule?

reinforcing a response only part of the time

OC: What is a fixed ratio schedule?

(FR)

reinforcement that follows a set # of behaviors

OC: What is a fixed interval schedule?

(FI)

reinforcement that follows behavior that occurs after a set amount of time has elapsed

OC: What is a variable ratio schedule?

(VR)

reinforcement that follows an unpredictable # of behaviors

OC: OC: What is a variable interval schedule?

(VI)

reinforcement that follows behavior that occurs after an unpredictable amount of elapsed time

What are the schedules of reinforcement (4)?

FI fixed interval

FR fixed ratio

VI variable interval

VR variable ratio

Which Schedule of Reinforcement:

paid 10 dollars for every 20 puzzles solved

FR

Which Schedule of Reinforcement:

studying for a class that has surprise quizzes

VI

Which Schedule of Reinforcement:

slot machines

VR

Which Schedule of Reinforcement:

fishing in a lake in the summer

VI

Which Schedule of Reinforcement:

speed traps on highways

VI

Which Schedule of Reinforcement:

selling a product door to door

VR

Which Schedule of Reinforcement:

getting clothes out of the dryer once it buzzes

FI

Which Schedule of Reinforcement:

going up a staircase to reach a landing with a nice view

FR

Which Schedule of Reinforcement:

doing 20 pushups to help stay fit

FR