KINE 290 TEST

drug

any chemical other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body

2 reasons for drug use

medical and social

psychoactive drugs

those that alter a person's perception, mood, behavior, or consciousness

addiction is viewed as

a chronic disease

addiction defenition

pathological pursuit of pleasure or relief by substance use and other behaviors

addictive behaviors are

habits that have gotten out of control, resulting in negative effects on the person's health

changes in \_______ underlie addiction

brain chemistry

tolerance to drug

where the initial does no longer produces the original emotional or psychological effects

all addictions involve an initial \_______

voluntary step

what plays key roles in facilitating addiction?

lifestyle, personality, and environment

substance misuse

use of a substance that is not consistent with medical or legal guidelines

addiction is medically referred to as

substance use disorder

DSM-5 critter for a substance use disorder

impaired control, social problems, risky use, drug effects

use of the term substance abuse is being replaced with such terms as

misuse, disorder, and dependence

substance use disorder

Cluster of symptoms involving cognitive, bodily and social impairment related to the continued use of a substance.

addiction often starts when

a person does something to bring pleasure or avoid pain

diverse factors that come together in a certain way for addiction to develop

personality, lifestyle, heredity, the social and physical environment, and the nature of the substance or behavior in question.

behavioral addiction examples

-compulsive gambling
-video game disorder
-compulsive exercising
-work addiction
-sex addiction
-compulsive buying or shopping
-internet addiction

why do people use and misuse drugs?

to alter consciousness is an ancient and universal pursuit

what marked the beginning of pharmacy and pharmacology?

extraction of chemical such as morphine and cocaine from medical plants

main factors in the initial use of drugs are

availability and peer influence

reasons for using drugs

-alter ones mood
- escape one's feelings
-to cope with difficulties
-participation in an alternative economy

particularly susceptible groups to have an allure for drugs

health care professionals, those with a genetic predisposition, and those who were exposed in the womb

factors associated with trying drugs

-Male
-troubled childhood
-thrill-seeker
-dysfunctional family
-peer group that accepts drug use
-poor
-among-adolescents, risky sexual behavior

factors associated with not using drugs

•Perceiving drug use as risky, and disapproving of it
•Positive self-esteem and self-concept
•Assertive, independent thinkers not controlled by peer pressure
•Self-control
•Social competence
•Optimism
•Academic achievement
•Religiosity
•Open communication with parents

serious concerns of drug misuse

-intoxication
-unexpected side effects
-unknown drug constituents
-infection associated with injection drug use (HIV and hepatitis C)
-legan cosequences

how drugs change brain chemistry

-acts one or more neurotransmitters (brain chem. that transmit nerve impulses)

Neuroticism

brain chemical that transmit nerve impulses

duration of a drugs effects depends on many factors and may range from \____ to \_____ or more hours

5 minutes to 12 or more hours

categories of psychoactive drugs

-opiods
-CNS depressants
-CNS stimulants
-marijuana and other cannabis products
-hallucinogens
-inhalants
-prescription drugs
-new psychoactive substances

opioids

Natural or synthetic drugs that relieve pain, cause drowsiness, and induce euphoria

euphoria

exaggerated feeling of well-being

withdrawal symptoms of opioids

cramps, sweating, nausea, tremors, irritability, and feelings of panic

CNS

brain and spinal cord

depressants or sedative-hypnotic

a sedative that decreases nervous or muscular activity, causing drowsiness or sleep

tranquilizer

a CNS depressant that reduces tension and anxiety

Types of CNS Depressants

barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and sedative-hypnotics

effects of CNS depressants

reduced anxiety, change in mood, impaired muscular coordination, slurring of speech, drowsiness, sleep, and effects on mental functioning

Medical use of CNS depressants

for their calming properties in combination with anesthetics before operations and other medical or dental procedures

how are people usually introduced to CNS depressants

through a medical prescription or drug-using peers

overdosing of CNS depressants can lead

respiration to cease

Club Drugs (CNS Depressants)

rohypnol and GHB (date rape drug/roofies)

CNS stimulants

speed up the activity of the nervous or muscular system

cocaine

-produces feelings of euphoria
-snorted or used intravenously (crack)
-intense but short-lived effects
-euphoria replaced by irritability, anxiety, slight depression

cocaine that is snorted or used intravenously

crack

excessive CNS stimulation can lead to

sudden death

negative effects of cocaine

sudden death from overdose, persistent nose bleeds, paranoia and aggression, serious effects on developing fetus

CNS stimulant drugs

cocaine, amphetamines, prescription stimulants, ephedrine, caffeine

Amphetamines

-potent, synthetic CNS stimulants
-small doses make people feel more alert
-sometimes used to curb appetite

effects of misuse and addiction to amphetamines

-tolerance leads to increases doses and psychosis
-sever risks to fetus

\_______ is more addictive than other amphetamines

methamphetamines

Amphetamine misuse and addiction often starts as

an attempt to cope with a temporary situation

psychosis

distortion of reality, possibly including delusions or hallucinations

prescription CNS stimulants are used to treat

ADHD

ephedrine is linked to

heart arrhythmia, stroke, psychotic reactions, seizures, and some deaths

caffeine

-CNS stimulant
-very popular psychoactive drug, and one of the most ancient
-rarely harmful, but withdrawn symptoms can develop
-energy "shots" are not regulated by the FDA

most widely used federally illegal drug in the US

marijuana

Main active ingredient in marijuana?

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

short term effects of weed are influenced by

the user's expectations and experiences and by the dose

low doses of weed often produce

euphoria and relaxation

effects of weed in moderate to high doses can include feelings of

depersonalization

Depersonalization

being separated from one's body

long term effects of marijuana

respiratory problems, memory, increased risk of disease and infection, learning, attention, may affect sperm productivity and quantity.

use of weed during pregnancy

-may affect neural development in the fetus
-THC in breast milk may impair an infant's early motor devlopment

Hallucinogens

a group of drugs that alter the user's perceptions, feelings, and thoughts

Synesthesia

feelings of depersonalization and other alterations in the perception of reality

Tolerance of hallucinogens is induced \______

quickly

results of hallucinogens

-an altered state of concoiousness
-panic reactions and flashbacks

even low doses of hallucinogens can affect

concentration, judgement, and driving ability

hallucinogen ex

LSD, ketamine, PCP, mescaline, certain mushrooms, other botanical products

inhaling certain chemicals can produce effects ranging from

heightened pleasure to delirium to death

types of inhalants

volatile substances, anesthetics, nitrites, aerosols

main risks of inhalants

suffocation

prescription drug misuse

Use of medication without a prescription in a way other than as prescribed, or for the experience or feelings elicited

two main groups of herbal/synthetic recreational drugs

-synthetic marijuana
-stimulants sold as "bath salts"

synthetic marijuana

Produces effects similar to THC

Stimulants sold as "bath salts" produce severe effects from

violent behavior to chest pain and suicidal thoughts

crimes associated with drug use

drug possession, loss of control associated with drug, to obtain drugs

groups and peer counseling for drug addiction

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), narcotics anonymous (NA)

harm-reduction strategies aim to minimize

the effects of drug use and misuse

harm reduction strategies

-syringe exchange programs
-safe injection facilities
-provisions of easy-to-use forms of naloxone
-free testing of street drugs

naloxone

a drug that rapidly reverses opioid overdose

teatment of drug addiction is often characterized by

discrete and repeated episodes of short-term abstinence and relapse

governmental atemps to prevent drug misuse

historically focused on stoping production, importation, and distribution

what offers the nest hope when trying to prevent drug misuse?

antidrug education programs

indirect approaches to prevent drug misuse

building young people's self-esteem, improving academic skills, and increasing recreational opportunities

direst approaches the prevent drug misuse

providing information about adverse effects, and helping students resist peer pressure

codependency in drug misuse

a person close to a drug abuser is controlled by the abuser's behavior

codependent people of drug misusers often

engage in enabling behaviors

alcohol

the intoxicating ingredient in fermented or distilled beverages

Common Alcoholic Beverages

beer, ales and malt liquors,wines, fortified wine, hard liqours

proof value

two times the percentage concentration

100-proof beverage contains

50% alcohol

beer alcohol content

3-6%

ales and malt liquors alcohol content

6-8%

wines alcohol content

9-14%

fortified wine alcohol content

20%

hard liquor alcohol content

35-50%

one drink refers to

the amount of beverage that typically contains 0.6 oz of alcohol

caloric count for alcohol

7 cal per gram