civics H exam 2 Duplantis

the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies

government

things a government decides to do; a government's responds to problems facing a society

public policy

examples of public policy

war on drugs, homeland security, federal government gave vaccines, have to wear a mask in an airplane, going to school with a mask

types of power

legislative, executive, and judicial

the body of fundamental laws setting out the principles, structures, and processes of a government

constitution

a process by which a society decides how power and resources will be distributed within a society

politics

a federal government; a body of people, living in a defined territory, organized politically (that is, with a government), and with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority

state

an ethnic term, referring to a race or group of people bound by a common heritage

nation

a geographic term, referring to a particular place, region, or area of land

country

characteristics of a state

population, territory, sovereignty, and government

one person or a small group claimed control over an area and forced all within it to submit to that person's or group's rule

force theory

the privative family, of which one person was the head and thus the "government", was the first stage in political development

evolutionary theory

God created the state and that God had given those of royal birth a "divine right" to rule

divine right theory

a population in a given territory gave up as much power to a government as needed to promote the well-being of all

social contract theory

one person controls everything

autocracy

1. ruler seizes power by force
2. ruler eliminates all opposition
3. ruler controls nation's schools, media, and communications
4. all government official from elite, privileged class

totalitarian dictatorship

when a ruler inherits power and is called a king or queen

monarchy

they have absolute control, nothing challenges their control

absolute monarchy

a king or queen's power is limited by a constitution (are considered both monarchy and democracy because they have king and people vote on what goes into the constitution

constitutional monarchy

small group who controls things

oligarchy

people themselves formulate public polices

direct democracy

a group of persons chosen by people formulate public policy

representative (indirect) democracy

all of power held at federal level of government

unitary

shared power. level governments do only things they can do

federal

power held exclusively by member states and grant power from local government on top. federal government asks the member state for power

confederate

less separation between the two branches (make most of the decisions and members of both branches)

parliamentary system

a distinct separation between executive and legislative branches (their powers are completely different)

presidential system

everyone in our society has value and worth
sometimes subordinated for betterment of others

worth of the individual

equality of opportunity and equality before the law

equality of all persons

not concerned with right decision but concerned with satisfactory decision

majority rule with minority rights

have to be willingly to compromise

necessity of compromise

government exist for one reason (to give us freedom)

individual freedom

worth of the individual; equality of all persons; majority rule, minority rights; necessity of compromise; individual freedom

foundations of american democracy

free enterprise system also called

capitalism

characteristics of free enterprise

1. private ownership
2. individual initiative
3. profit
4. competition

how does free enterprise work

if people want a product- there is a demand for it- so the supply increase (price goes down (reinvent yourself)) could have to much supply

free enterprise's role of government

to protect the public and to preserve the free market system

designed to maintain predictability in society; colonies first had this

ordered government

have certain rights and the government has to be restricted on what it does (citizens have certain rights)

limited government

government should represent the will of the people

representative government

means great charter in latin

magna carta

characteristics of magna carta

1. punishment must fit the crime
2. trial by jury
3. due process of law
4. king is not above the law

characteristics of petition of right

1. no quartering of troops
2. no bills of attainder
3. no martial law in times of peace
4. only parliament levies taxes

characteristics of English bill of rights

1. king must enforce the law
2. right to petition the king
3. no standing armies
4. free elections
4. no excessive bail
6. no cruel and unusual punishment

under direct control of the crown

royal colony

when the king gives land to the proprietor and they are in charge of running it

proprietary colony

colony founded on a charter. before they land there the people write how they are going to rule

charter colony

policy of letting colonial government handle their own affairs

salutary neglect

a nation was strongest when it had the most hard metal (silver and gold)(called bullion) in its treasury

mercantilism

roles of colonies with mercantilism

provide raw materials to england and purchase finished products

had it because of territory by the great lakes in the river valley

french and indian war

formed in 1643 in new england region (mass. connecticut, new hampshire). it was a defensive union against the native americans. joined a union and it was that if one colony gets attacked then the others would help, disolved after the threats

new england confederation

made at the start of the french and indian war. den franklin says to create a congress that meets once a year. the goal is to discuss the financial of all the colonies- try to create a confederation

albany plan of union

meets in 1765 called in a response to appose the stamp act. not happy with the stamp act because they did not give themselves those taxes and because they saw no reason for having the taxes

stamp act congress

what was the first continental congress response to

intolerable acts

who did not show up to the first continental congress

georgia because it was to far away

what were the actions of the first continental congress

1. declarations of rights
2. boycott of british goods
3. called second continentla congress

what starts the independence for aamerica and then later on other countries

shot heard 'round the world

john hancock

president of the congress

geroge washington

commander of the army

what was the government during the american revolution

second continental congress

what was the articles of confederation called

firm league of friendship

unicameral legislative branch- one house legislature- no executive and judicial branch; each state had 1 vote and each state can have up to 7 delegates

structure of articles of confederation

what were the powers of congress

1. maintain an army and a navy
2. make war and peace
3. send and receive ambassadors
4. make treaties
5. establish post offices
6. borrow money
7. established uniform standard of weights and measures
8. settle disputes betwen states

state obligations for the articles of confederation

1. obey all acts of congress
2. treat citizens of other states fairly
3. full faith and credit to judicial proceedings in other states
4. allow open travel
5. extradite fugitives
6. provide money to congress
7. provide troops to the army

what were the weaknesses of the articles of confederation

1. couldnt tax
2. couldnt regulate foreign or interstate commerce
3. couldnt enforce laws
4. couldnt interpret laws
5. 9 of 13 to pass a law
6. 13 of 13 to amend articles

what were the two major events that showed that there was a need for a stronger government

depression and shay's rebellion

somebody who represents others at a convention

delegate

what was the age of the framers of the Constitution

42

which state did not send a delegate to the constitutional convention

Rhode island because they thought that the ac could not be fixed

george washingtion

president of the conventions

what was the rules of convention

1 vote per state
quorum needed for discussions/votes
- a minimum number of votes needed to conduct business

by james madison
have three branches- legislative, executive, and judicial
bicameral legislative branch- both based on population
all power of the articles, plus could legislative in all cases in which the separate Staes are incompetent- which means that state legislatures can have veto acts for other states

Virgina plan

three branches like virginia plan but it to be a unicameral legislative branch where each state receives 1 vote, all power of articles, plus tax regulate interstate commerce

new jersey plan

also called the connecticut compromise; congress should have two house
- senate- states would be equally represented
- house- states would be represented based on population

great compromise

southern states say that if we are represented by the population they want the slaves to be counted, but north said they would not do that because the south does not treat them as people. the north said they would allow it if they paid taxes but south did not want to pay that much in taxes. so they compromised that a slave would be 3/5th of a person

3/5th compromise

north said we should tax our exports but the south did not want to do that because it would hurt their profit. the north said that they would not tax exports if america stopped slave trade- the north and south said that the slave trade would last 20 more years then it would be illegal

interstate commerce/slave trade compromise

how many states are needed for radification

9 states

formally approve

ratify

why was it ratified by state conventions and not state legislatures

the people in the legislatures would not want to ratify it because they are the ones who have all the power and that means that they would be voluntarily giving up their power which they would never do

dont want a stronger federal government because they would not be able to print money, would have too much power, and they think that they need a bill of rights
saw the constitution as illegal and did not like the loss of state's autonomy

anti-federalist

want a federal government because the articles of confederation is too weak and that they are in threat of being attacked
the intention of constitutional convention was well know and bill of rights is unnecessary because that is the states job

federalist

85 essays signed by publius which means public man- written by madison, hamilton, and hay (mostly by hamiltion)

federalist papers

signed by brutus and the federal farmer- written by john dickenson why it should not be ratified

anti-federalist essays

what was the compromise between the anti-federalist and the federalist

the federalist give the anti-federalist a bill of rights fi they "sell" the constitution and get people to ratify it

who was the first state to ratify it

delaware becuase they had nothing to lose

what was the 9th state to ratify it

new Hampshire

arguing over land (had to figure it out first before they did it because then it would be decided by the government

virginia and new york convention

what was the last state to ratify it

rhode island

what was the outline of the constitution

preamble, 7 articles, and 27 amendments

the intro to what the articles are going to fix (so they can have what is said in it)

preamble

1. create congress (legislative branch)
2. powers of the person to enforce the law (executive branch)
3. create something to determine if it is right and have to power to over-turn it if it is wrong (judicial branch)
4. have a union between states and what the federal government can enforce
5. being able to change the constitution by having a system that works (amendment process)
6. supremacy cause act- anything the federal government does, it over succeeds the state government
7. ratification process

articles

corrections to constitution

amendments

idea that government gets their power from the people; means by which give government power

popular sovereignty

the idea that no government is all powerful; government can only do what people allow

limited government

executive, legislative, and judicial junctions are split into three distinct independent branches of government; protects against tyranny; make sure a branch does not get too powerful

separation of powers

each branch is subject to a number of constitutional restrain by the other branches ex: passing a law and appointing a law

checks and balances

power of the courts to determine the constitutionally of a government action (law or an executive acts)

judicial review

a compromise between the articles and federal power

federalism

what is the proposal process

1. join resolution is passed by 2/3rd of each chamber of congress OR 2/3 national convention called by congress