Exam 4

In the original Lewis reactivation experiment there were four training conditions. What were they?

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1) Rats that received ECS following reactivation; 2) rats that received no ECS following reactivation; 3) rats that received no reactivation but did receive ECS; 4) rats that received neither reactivation nor ECS.

Memories are destabilized when their retrieval memory returns them to a state of vulnerability.

true

Which of the follow is true?

a. trace destabilization enhances the effect of repetition on memory

b. trace destabilization initiates protein synthesis

c. trace destabilization opens a temporal window during which the trace can be modified

d. βlac which inhibits proteasome activity prevents destabilization

a, c, d

Retrieving or reactivating the memory always makes it stronger.

false

According to the state-dependent learning hypothesis memory recall will be ______if internal state cues produce by a drug (such as anisomycin) following memory reactivation are not present at the time of retrieval.

impaired

Cue dependent amnesia refers to the forgetting induced by the retrieval of another memory.

false

Cue dependent amnesia occurs when

  

a retrieved memory is followed by a disrupting event

Does anisomycin have any effect on retrieved memories when the proteasome system is inhibited? Why is this finding important?

No. It reveals how retrieval causes disruption; it shows that if scaffolding proteins were not degraded in the first place, the trace would be intact and new protein synthesis would not be necessary to maintain it.

Cue dependent amnesia refers to when _____ a memory returns it into a labile state that made it vulnerable to disruption.

retrieving

A brief reminder cue is sometimes called _______treatment.

reactivation

Cue dependent amnesia refers to when retrieving a memory returns it into a labile state that made it vulnerable to disruption.

true

List the key events that destabilize the synaptic basis of a memory trace, starting with glutamate release.

1) Glutamate release; 2) increase in calcium levels via NMDA receptors and vdCCs; 3) ubiquitination of scaffolding proteins and activation of CaMKII; 4) proteasomes are phosphorylated and translocated to the spine; 5) degradation of scaffolding proteins; 6) endocytosis of AMPA receptors; 7) de-potentiation of the synapse.

Inhibiting NMDA receptors impairs the retrieval of the memory and its destabilization.

false

Which of the following **is not** part of Nader’s reconsolidation theory?

active memories are vulnerable to disruption

Which of the following **is** part of Nader’s reconsolidation theory?

\-retrieval unbinds the memory trace

\-retrieval initiates a new round of protein synthesis

 -retrieved memories depend on the synthesis of new protein to be consolidated

__________ associated with drugs are one important contributor to relapse.

Environmental cues

Some reasons for drug relapse are

\-cues present when drugs are taking become associated with drug consequences

\-drug associated cues can evoke strong urges to take drugs

\-addiction treatments fail to eliminate the ability of drug cues to evoke urges

\-drug seeking behavior is elicited by drug associated cues

Exposure to __________ can cause a treated drug user to relapse.

drug related cues

Inhibiting NMDA receptors does not impair the retrieval of the memory but does not prevent its destabilization.

true

What is cue-dependent amnesia?

when retrieving a memory returns it into a labile state and makes it vulnerable to disruption.

According to integration theory the amnesia produce when drugs like anisomycin are given after the memory is retrieved is due to a *storage failure*.

false

What is the fundamental difference between reconsolidation theory and active trace theory?

Reconsolidation theory says that the act of retrieval is enough, itself, to disrupt an already established memory, whereas active memory trace theory says that retrieval makes a consolidated memory vulnerable to disruption due to other agents.

The encoding specificity principle asserts that that successful memory retrieval depends on a match between the retrieval cues and the environmental stimulation encoded into the engram.

true

According to reconsolidation theory

\-retrieval weakens synaptic connections

\-retrieval initiates another round of protein synthesis

\-retrieval can disrupt consolidated memories.

Cues associated with taking drugs are irrelevant to drug-addiction relapse.

false

Erasing drug associate memories can prevent cravings and relapse.

true

If the proteasome is inhibited just prior to memory reactivation the retrieved memory

 the memory trace will not be destabilized

The brain treats a reactivated memory as a novel experience, so it is modified/updated according to the new context.

true

If the proteasome is inhibited the memory trace should not _________.

destabilize

According to integration theory the amnesia produce when drugs like anisomycin are given after the memory is retrieved is due to a *storage failure*.

false

Inhibiting proteasome activity in the basolateral amygdala can protect memories from the effect of __________.

anisomycin

The age of a memory trace is the only determinant of its vulnerability.

false

A retrieved memory trace is restabilized by __________.

new protein synthesis

How does reactivating a memory destabilize the synapses associated with that memory?

Increased calcium levels activate the UPS system, which degrades key scaffolding proteins, and thus there is a decrease in the surface levels of AMPA receptors.

Active trace theory assumes that

\-a retrieval cue can return the memory into an active state

\-memories in the active state are vulnerable to disrupt

\-memories in the active state will become inactive

The encoding specificity principle asserts that that successful memory retrieval depends on a match between the retrieval cues and the environmental stimulation encoded into the engram.

true

If the proteasome is_______ repetition will not strengthen the memory.

inhibited

Retrieving a memory depends on NMDA receptors.

false

Retrieving a memory depends on AMPA receptors.

false

If NMDA, CaMKII, or proteasome are inhibited the memory trace should not______.

destabilize

Why should inhibiting the proteasome prevent anisomycin from impairing the memory for a retrieved memory.

Because it prevents the degradation of the key scaffolding proteins that keep AMPA receptors in the PSD. So the no new protein is needed

Lewis discovered that reactivated memories are vulnerable to disruption by ECS

true

Destabilize a memory trace depends on ______receptors.

NMDA

According to the *encoding-specificity principle* the absence of critical retrieval cues will enhance memory retrieval.

false

Inhibiting CaMKII should ______ destabilization.

prevent

According to the *encoding-specificity principle* the absence of critical retrieval cues will enhance memory retrieval.

false

To explain cue-dependent amnesia produced by anisomycin integration theory assumes that

\-drugs produce internal state cues

\-retrieval is best when the retrieval cues match the stimuli present at the time of training

\-cue-dependent amnesia is due to a retrieval failure

\-internal state cues produce by drug become part of the retrieval cue complex

What is the role of anisomycin in reconsolidation theory?

In reconsolidation theory, it prevents the new round of protein synthesis needed to reconsolidate the memory

Nader discovered that when injected into the BLA following a reactivation treatment, anisomycin had no effect on the short-term memory test but produced a large impairment on the long-term memory test.

true

According to reconsolidation theory, retrieving a consolidated memory can unbind or destabilize the supporting synapses.

true

According to Lewis all _______ memory traces are vulnerable to disruption

active

Which of the following statements about ECS is true?

\-Rats that received ECS and reactivation were impaired.

\-Rats that received ECS only were not impaired.

According to the *state-dependent learning* view internal states present at the time of a learning experience become part of the engram and need to be present in order to retrieve the memory.

true

According to integration theory the amnesia produced when drugs like anisomycin are given after the memory is retrieved is due to a *retrieval failure*.

true

Which of the following statements is *false*?

 Ubiquitin degrades protein.

Which of the following statements is *true*?

\-Memory retrieval can activate the ubiquitin proteasome system.

\-Ubiquitin can tag scaffolding proteins. 

\-Blocking the proteasome can prevent the need for reconsolidation.

A prediction error occurs when the information contained in the retrieved memory does not match the information contained in the test environment.

true

According to Lewis’s active trace theory, both very new memories and retrieved memories are vulnerable to disruption.

true

According to active trace theory, retrieving a consolidated memory is enough to disrupt it.

false

According the model presented in Figure 15.5 inhibiting AMPA receptors should prevent memory destabilization.

false

According the model presented in Figure 15.5 inhibiting NMDA receptors or the proteasome should prevent destabilization.

true

According to integration theory the amnesia produced when drugs are administer following a memory reactivation treatment is due to a ______ failure.

retrieval

Anisomycin’s effects on retrieved memory depend on proteasome activity.

true

Inhibiting the proteasome will prevent the need for new protein.

true

If either NMDA receptors and vdCCs are antagonized or the UPS system is inhibited, anisomycin will have no effect the reactivated memory trace.

true

If the information contained in the retrieved memory matches the information contained in the test environment the memory trace will be destabilized.

false

Erasing memories that associate environmental cues with taking a drug, such as cocaine, can prevent cravings and relapse.

true

In order for repetition to strengthen the memory, the established trace must be destabilized.

true

The memory strengthening effect of repetition can be prevented by inhibiting the AMPA receptors.

true

Inhibiting AMPA receptors impairs the retrieval of the memory and its destabilization.

false

Inhibiting AMPA receptors impairs the retrieval of the memory but does not prevent its destabilization.

true

According to the *state-dependent learning* view internal states present at the time of a learning experience become part of the engram and need to be present in order to retrieve the memory.

true

What was Don Lewis’ major discovery?

that reactivated memories are vulnerable to the disrupting effect of ECS

According to integration theory the amnesia produced when drugs like anisomycin are given after the memory is retrieved is due to a *retrieval failure*.

true

According to the active state theory, there are two ways a memory trace can be put into the short-term active state. What are they?

1) Novel experiences generate new active memory traces. 2) Retrieving or reactivating existing long-term memory traces will return these traces to the short-term active state.

Lewis discovered that all memories are vulnerable to disruption by ECS.

false

According to Lewis’s active memory theory, remembering an old, consolidated memory will return it to an active state and make vulnerable to disruption.

true

According to reconsolidation theory, retrieving a consolidated memory can ______ the supporting synapses.

unbind or destabilize

Retrieving a memory depends on _____receptors.

AMPA

Destabilization of the memory trace is mediated by the ubiquitin proteasome system.

true

According to the *state-dependent learning* view _______ state present at the time of a learning experience become part of the engram and need to be present in order to retrieve the memory.

internal

According to the active trace theory, which of the following statements is *false*?

Only novel experiences generate active memory traces.

According to the active trace theory, which of the following statements is *true*?

\-Memories in the inactive state are less vulnerable to disruption.

\-Retrieving a memory will further consolidate it.

According to reconsolidation theory,

anisomycin prevents reconsolidation of the memory trace.

The patient in Claparède’s experiment could remember that Claparède stuck him with a pin but would still shake hands

false

The removal of Henry’s medial temporal lobes disrupted what is called the __________.

episodic memory system

What evidence supports the conclusion that the memory system that supports skillful behaviors is outside of the region of the brain that supports our ability to recollect the training episodes?

Amnestic patients who have no recollection of their training episodes can still perform the tasks from the trainings.

Endel Tulving argued that episodic memory should be considered as separate from declarative memory.

true

What is the function of the episodic memory system?

It supports the ability to consciously recollect and report on facts and events that people have experienced.

Semantic memory is sometimes said to be free of __________.

context

Which of the following statements about H.M. is true?

his memory for motor learning was intact

Which of the following statements about H.M. is false?

\-he was the first person to have part of his brain surgically removed

\-his memory was selectively impaired

\-the extent of his brain removal was not known

According to the __________, damage to the hippocampus will disrupt both semantic and episodic memory.

unitary view

How are episodic and semantic memory systems similar? How are they different?

We can intentionally retrieve information from both, and in some sense declare we have the memory; but the content of semantic memory is not tied to the place or context where it was acquired.

Research subsequent to Mishkin’s report led to the conclusion that it was the damage to the __________ that drastically impaired performance on the DNMS task.

rhinal cortex

Claparède’s patient not shake hands with him because

he really did not know why so he made up a story

What is the multiple memory systems perspective?

The idea that memories are sorted and stored in specific brain regions depending on the content of the experience

According to the modular view, the hippocampal formation is not required for semantic memory.

true

According to the unitary view, the hippocampal formation is required for episodic memory but not for semantic.

false

What brought Vargha-Khadem and her colleagues to the conclusion that there was a disproportionate sparing of semantic memory compared to episodic memory in patients who suffered selective damage to their hippocampus early in life?

While they all developed normal language and social skills, their memory for everyday experiences was so poor that none of them could be left alone for any extended period of time.