Micro exam 1

John Snow

infection control and epidemolgy

Ignatz Semmelweis

handwashing

serology

the study of blood serum

immunology

the study of the bodys defense against spectific pathogens

chemotherapy

Fleming discovered penicillin

Domagk discovered sulfa drugs

Growth

increase in size

Reproduction

increase in number

Responsiveness

ability to react to environmental stimuli

Two layers of glycocalyces

capsule and slime layer

The first micrscope was invented by

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Carolus Linnaeus ( Swedish ,1750s)

developed taxonomic system for naming plants and animals

Carl Woese and George Fox

using the nucleotide sequence determined that all living organisms belong to one of the three domains

prokaryotic

unicellular and lack nuclei

bacteria

cell walls contain peptidoglycan; some lack cell walls, many cause disease

Archaea

cell walls composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan, do not cause disease

Molds

Multicellular grow as long filaments, reproduce by sexual and asexual spores

yeasts

unicellular reproduce asexually by budding

single-celled eukaryotes

similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure

Pseudopodia

cell extensions that flow in direction of travel

Cilia

numerous, short, protrusions that propel organisms through environment.

Flagella

extensions of a cell that are fewer longer, and more whip-like than cilla. responsible for movement

Algae

unicellular or multicellular and are photosyntheic eukaryotes (Diatoms)

Parasites

active forms must be found inside another host organism.

Viruses

are not a live and too small to be visible by light microscopy. they are acellular obligatory parasites composed of gentic material surrounded by protein and / or lipid coat

Aristole

theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenesis )

Francesco Redi( late 1600)

he did the experiment with meat when decaying meat was kept isolated from files , maggots never developed. meat exposed to files was soon infested. as a result, scientist began to doubt Aristole theory

Needham

scientists agreed that large animals could not arise spontaneously, but believed microbes could. Nedham's experiments with beef gravy and infusions of plant material reinforced this idea

Spallazani (1799)

Microorganisms exists in air and can contaminate experiments. and all living things arise from other living things.

Pasteur experiments

the father of MICROBIOLOGY

hypothesis

is tested through experiment ( potential answer to question)

Pasteur

developed germ theory of disease based on his work on fermentation

Robert Koch

studied causative agents of disease ( whats making people sick)

koch contributions (late 1800)

Received nobel prize in 1905

golden age of MICROBIOLOGY

Joseph Semmelewis

antiseptic technique

Florence Nightinagle

antiseptic technique in battlefield nursing

Edward Jenner

small pox vaccine - field of immunology

Paul Ehrilich

magic bullets antimicrobials- field of chemotherapy

what are the basic chemical reactions of life

Biochemistry - began with Pasteurs work on fermentation and Buchner’s discovery of enzymes in yeast extract

Kluyver and van Niel- microbes used model systems for biochemical reactions

Microbial Genetics

Avery, Macleod and Mc Carty - determined genes are contained in molecules of DNA

Beadle and Tatum- established that gene’s activity is related to protein function

Molecular Biology

Linus Pauling - proposed that gene sequences could establish evolutionary relationships

Woese-determined cells belong to bacteria, archaea, or eukaryotes

Recombinant DNA Technology

involves using enzymes and various laboratory techniques to manipulate and isolate DNA segments of interest

gene therapy

inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in humans by inserting desired gene into host cells

Serology

the study of blood serum

von Behring and kitasato existence discovers cells that fight infection

Immunology

the study against specific pathogens

Chemotherapy

fleming discovered penicillin

Domagk discovred sulfa drugs

growth

increase in size

reproduction

increase in number

Responsiveness

ability to react to environmental stimiuli

metabolism

controlled chemical recations of organism

cellular structure

membrane-bound structure capable of all above functions

Prokaryotes

bacteria and archaea

Eukaryotes

membrane bond organelles and composed of algae, protozoa , fungi , animals and plants

Glycocalyces

gelatinous, sticky subatnace surrounding the outside of the cell. composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides or, broth . protect cells from dessiccation

two types of glycocalyses

Capsule and slime layer

Flagellar structure and function

Structure: composed of filament, hook, and basal body. basal body anchors filament and hook cell wall by a rod and a series of either two or four rings of integral proteins. filament is composed of proteins called flagellin

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Function: rotations peoples bacterium through the environment and run counterclockwise movement and tumbles clockwise rotation

spirochetes

are bacteria that are spiral shaped and move in a corkscrew motion. they have axial filaments which are appendage like strips.

fimbriae

used by bacteria to adhere to one another stick to host and severe an important function in biofilms .

pili

used for bacteria to exchange information also known as conjugation pili

Biochemistry

composed of alternating chains of sugar molecules NAG and NAM

Sugar chains are attached to each other by tetrapeptides four amino acids

gram postive cell

thick peptidoglycan contains unique polyalcohols called teichoic acids .

up to 60% mycolic acid in acid-fast bacteria helps cells survive desiccation.

gram negative cell

have only a thin layer of peptidoglycan in the periplasm. lipid bilayer outer membrane contains phospholipids, proteins and lipopolysaccharide LPS

both gram positive and gram negative bacteria have cytoplasmic lipid bilayer membrane

structure- lipids bilayer composed of amphipathic phospholipids

cytoplasmic membrane play important storage and transport roles in bacterial cells

function- selectively permeable and maintain concentration and electrical gradient

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cytosol

liquid portion of cytoplasm and also contains cell’s DNA in nucleoid.

inclusions

they are storage places for different volumes. ‘chemicals like lipids, starch , or compounds containing nutrients

endospores

are unique structures produced by some bacteria and vegetative cells transform into endospore when multiple nutrients are limited

ribosomes

sites of protein synthesis and composed of polypeptides and ribosomal RNA

Cytoskeleton

internal network of protein fibers

Glycocalyces

function in the formation of biofilms sand adhere cells to one another and inanimate objects

flagella

consist of basal body , hook, and filament. numerous differences with bacterial flagella

Fimbriae and Hami

many archaea have fimbriae. some make fimbriae-like structure called hami with spikes or hooks.

function to attach archaea to surfaces

achea have

cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane and different ribosomal proteins

Eukaryotic flagella

shaft composed of tubulin arranged to form microtubules in 9+0 arrangement of microtubules .

function do not rotate but undulate rhythmically

Eukaryotic cilla

Prokaryotes cells do not have cilia

all eukaryotic cells have acytoplamic membrane and membrane rafts

endocytosis

moving things inside the cell

exocytosis

moving things ouside the cells

nucleus

semi-liquid portion alles nucleoplasm ( were DNA lives) and one more nucleoli present and also surrounded by nuclear envelope.

endoplasmic reticulum

smooth endoplasmic reticulum . rough endoplasmic reticulum -studded with ribosomes

golgi body

receives, processes , and package large molecules

centrioles and centrosomes

centrioles play a role in mitosis cytokinesis and formation of flagella and cilla

centrosomes is region of cytoplasm where centrioles are found

endosymbiotic theory

The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes

Metabolism

Ultimate function of metabolism is to reproduce the organism

All metabolic process follow eight basic steps

1. Every cell acquires nutrients
2. Metabolism requires energy from light or from catabolism of nutrients
3. Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
4. Cells catabolize nutrients to form precursor metabolites with the help of enzyme
5. Precursor metabolites , energy from ATP, enzymes are used in anabolic reactions
6. Enzymes plus ATP from macromolecules by polymerization reactions
7. Cells grow by assembling macromolecules into cellular structures
8. Cells reproduce once they have doubled in size

metabolic catabolic pathways

exergonic release energy

metabolic anabolic pathways

endergonic require more energy than they release

glucose catabolized by two processes

cellular respiration- complete breakdown of glucose into CO2 and water

Fermentation- results in organic waste products

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glycolysis

Involves splitting of a six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon sugar molecules

net gain of two ATP molecules two molecules of NADH and precursor metabolite pyruvic acid

steps gy

steps gly

The pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex

 a multiple enzyme complex that catalyzes the production of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate produced by glycolysis

catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate with the formation of acetyl-CoA, CO2 and NADH (H+) (1,–3)

there are six types of reactions in krebs cycle

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four molecules CO2

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex produced two CO2

the most significant production of ATP occurs via a series of redox reactions at the electron transport chain

1\.series of carrier molecules that pass electrons from one to another to finial electron acceptor



Energy from electrons used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane establishing a proton gradient

Proton gradient generates ATP via chemiosmosis

ETC’s are located in cristae of eukaryotes and in cytoplamic membrane of prokaryotes.

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aerobic respiration

oxygens serves as finial electron acceptor (H2O produced).

anaerobic respiration

molecule other than oxygen serves as finial electron acceptor (eg. inorganic molecules like sulfate)

chemiosmosis

use electrochemical gradients (proton motive force) to generate ATP and called oxidative phosphorylation

Pentose phosphate pathway (5-carbon)

produces precursor metabolites and NADPH. It is an alternative to glycolysis. less energy efficient than glycolysis.