biology section 4: ch 4, 21, 22, 24

What is the term used to describe the contraction of smooth muscles that moves material down the esophagus?

peristalsis

How many alcoholic drinks can generally be metabolized in one hour?

one

What proteins speed up chemical reactions in cells?

enzymes

How does the body's metabolic rate respond to extreme dieting?

calories are burned at a much slower rate

Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. What makes some people "lactose intolerant" as adults?

Lactose-intolerant people don't produce adequate amounts of lactase

How does ATP provide energy to a cell?

It loses a phosphate group, releasing energy in the process

Which substance is most likely an enzyme?

endopeptidase

Which organ secretes a buffer that neutralizes the acidity of stomach acid?

pancreas

What statement describes enzymes?

Enzymes can be recycled and used over and over again

Which process provides the carbon dioxide you exhale?

aerobic respiration

What is a possible side effect of having one's gallbladder removed?

Fat digestion is impaired

How much alcohol dehydrogenase will a man and a woman of the same size produce?

the man will produce more

If you ate a piece of toast covered with butter, which macromolecule components would result after your body breaks down the food?

glycerol, fatty acids, and monosaccharides

What type of digestion occurs in the mouth?

mechanical and chemical

What does the liver metabolize (break down) from the blood?

toxins

Which chemical is a hormone involved in digestion?

gastrin

What risk may result from mixing alcohol with energy drinks?

Energy drinks may mask the true intoxicating effects of alcohol

What type of metabolic pathway requires oxygen?

aerobic

What is meant by metabolism?

all chemical reactions occurring in the body

Why do gallstones form in the gallbladder?

The gallbladder removes too much water from bile

Where would you be most likely to encounter E. coli bacteria?

unpasteurized milk

Why aren't viruses classified as living organisms?

viruses aren't capable of replicating themselves without a host cell

Which structure(s) represent a first line of defense against pathogens?

skin

Identify the second line of defense mechanism that reduces bacterial growth.

fever

What inhibits viral reproduction?

interferons

A form of indirect protection from infectious disease that can occur with some diseases when a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through previous infections or vaccination, thereby reducing the likelihood of infection for individuals who lack immunity.

herd immunity

What is a vaccine usually composed of?

inactivated disease-causing microbes

U.S. health officials are considering different ways of preparing for a future worldwide epidemic of human influenza that could be derived from a form of the disease that infects birds (avian flu). Which actions would be useful in preventing a future influenza epidemic?

Ask people with flu symptoms to stay at home

By what process do bacteria reproduce?

binary fission

B-cells and the T-cells are lymphocytes. B-cells are generated in bone marrow and are responsible to produce the _______________.

antibody

Mucus traps pathogens that are later coughed or sneezed away. What form of body defense applies to this example?

first line

What would be an action that public health officials could take to reduce the risk of Zika virus infection?

work with natural resource managers to spray areas where mosquitoes breed

Why is it important to keep your leftover chicken salad in the refrigerator?

Infectious bacteria like Salmonella reproduce more quickly at room temperature

An antibiotic kills 99.9% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?

Through time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria

What description applies to a disease-causing organism that can spread from one organism to another?

contagious

What is an immune system cell that binds to an antigen?

antibody

What are disease-causing organisms called?

pathogens

Antibiotics are used against bacterial infections but not for viral infections. Why is this?

antibiotics disrupt the bacterial cell wall.

Where can the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain dormant for an extended period of time?

lungs

Prozac is used as an antidepressant and acts by inhibiting the reuptake of which neurotransmitter in neuronal synapses?

serotonin

A young person suffered a head injury that damaged her pituitary. As this person got older, what condition was the only thing that she and her doctors found that was unaffected by the injury?

blood sugar level

Which specialized cells receive and respond to stimuli?

neurons

Which structure would allow you to move your hand away from a hot burner after touching it?

motor neuron

A fertility doctor suggests to a couple trying to have a baby that the husband switch from tight briefs to loose-fitting boxers. Why?

sperm production is reduced at body temperature

If two people of the same weight but with different body fat percentages, drink the same amount of alcohol, who will have the higher blood alcohol level and why?

The person with the higher % body fat because they have less overall blood volume.

Mary is a long-distance runner and trains regularly. Recently, Mary and her husband have unsuccessfully tried to conceive a child. To improve her chances of getting pregnant, why does her doctor suggest that she should stop training?

low levels of body fat may cause menstruation to cease

What type of cells respond to a particular hormone?

target

A patient is exhibiting symptoms that include lethargy, weight gain, and abnormal blood levels of calcium. Where does the patient potentially have a tumor?

thyroid gland

What provides a connection between two neurons?

synapse

The lack of which hormone would cause an adult man to exhibit a low sperm count and possibly be infertile?

FSH

It's known that teenagers and young adults are impulsive in nature, take unnecessary risks, and are, therefore, more susceptible to drug addiction. Which lobe of the cerebrum do scientists hypothesize as reason for this because this lobe doesn't fully develop until the early twenties?

frontal

Which component of bone is responsible for producing blood cells?

marrow

What differences have neurobiologists detected in the brains of people with ADD?

decreased volume of the cerebral cortex

Which class of hormones would you expect to be ideally suited for long-term processes such as growth and development?

steroid hormones, because they can turn specific genes on or off

What is the function of glial cells?

They support neurons by supplying nutrients

Why are women more proficient than men on the balance beam apparatus used in gymnastics?

Women have a lower center of gravity because their torsos are long relative to leg length

Which disorder is characterized by mental deterioration and loss of bodily functions?

alzheimer's

Why do sex hormones and other steroids take much longer to produce their effects than nonsteroid hormones do?

Steroids cause target cells to make new proteins, which takes time

What are sensory receptors?

specialized neurons for detecting the world around you

Which of the following things happen during an autoimmune disease such as multiple sclerosis?

Immune system cells attack healthy body cells

Energy required to start a metabolic reaction

activation energy

You have just eaten a candy bar and your blood glucose levels are rising. This will activate which organ of the endocrine system?

pancreas

A condition associated with anorexia and bulimia

amenorrhea

A bone-weakening disease that occurs when bone is removed faster than it is rebuilt

osteoporosis

Chemical signals that travel from glands to target organs

hormones

On average, males have more calorie-burning _________ tissue than females.

muscle

What is the skeletal system composed of?

bones and cartilage

Suddenly you find yourself in a situation in which someone is shooting live ammunition at you. Which hormone is likely to be one of the first secreted as a direct response to this situation?

epinephrine

What connects a muscle to a bone?

tendons

What breaks down macromolecules into simpler units (breaking)

catabolism

What constructs macromolecules from smaller units (making)

anabolism

the energy use of a resting wakeful person

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

binge eating followed by purging

bulimia

internal system of regulation and communication involving hormones

endocrine system

creation of energy through combustion of carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen

anaerobic respiration

tissues or organs that excrete hormones directly into the blood (such as thyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands)

endocrine glands

an eating disorder characterized by attempts to lose weight to the point of starvation

anorexia

the property of causing disease

pathogenicity

When do biologically induced sex differences begin to emerge?

puberty

beginning of sperm production, hair growth, voice deepening

puberty in males

beginning of egg cell maturation and menstruation, breast development, increase in fat for pregnancy

puberty in females

connects bone to bone

ligament

breaks down/metabolizes food to be used for energy

digestive system

Protein coat for a virus

capsid

If carbohydrates are unavailable, _________ will be metabolized

fats

What determine amino acid sequence and protein in enzyme?

genes

Do men or women have a broader pelvis which results in a greater Q angle

women

what is a foreign molecule?

an antigen

what makes up the first line of defense?

skin and mucous membranes

allergic reaction

immune response that occurs even though no pathogen is present

female hormone

estrogen

male hormone

testosterone

What happens when flight or fight is activated

epinephrine is secreted

cells that make up bone

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

help bone tissue regenerate through bone deposition

osteoblasts

involved in breaking down or reabsorbing bone tissue and releases calcium when levels are low

osteoclasts

What neurons carry information away from the CNS toward effector tissues?

motor

central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

gathers information to relay back to the CNS, muscles, and glands

conscious activity and higher thought located in cerebrum

frontal cortex