AP World Chapter 22

What did Vasco da Gama do that no one else had ever done before?

He was the first to reach India by sea.

What did Vasco da Gama's action (which no one else had ever done before) instigate (6)?

This instigated European exploration of the Indian Ocean, spread religions (Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam), and opened the door to direct maritime trade between Europe and Asia.

What is the significance of 1435?

Chinese sponsorship of Indian Ocean maritime trade ended, but Chinese merchants and mariners were prominent in East and Southeast Asian lands.

Who were the dominant powers between 500-1500 (4)?

Tang China, Abbasid dynasty, Byzantine empire, and the Mongol empires.

What was the change in dominant powers after 1500?

Europeans became much more prominent.

What did the European government want their ships to use? What did they do when their ships could use this?

The government wanted their ships to use advanced nautical technology, and, using this, they eventually charted the Indian Ocean basin.

What were the motives for European explorations?

They were searching for basic resources and lands suitable for cash crops. They also wanted to establish new trade routes to Asian markets and expand Christianity.

What did Portugal work with Italy to do? Why?

They worked with Italy to establish sugar plantations because European sugar demand was very high.

What did Portugal search for? Where?

They searched for fresh resources and lands in the Atlantic Ocean.

What did Portugal discover?

The Azores and Madeira islands.

What are some reasons for the shift from overland to maritime trade?

The Mongol empires collapsed (they used to protect the Silk Roads) and the bubonic plagues spread, so the Silk Roads were no longer that safe. Maritime trade also offered direct access with no Muslim intermediaries, so the Europeans would get more goods and profit as a result.

Why did Europeans spread Christianity?

The Bible encourages the spread of Christianity.

Describe European missionary efforts.

Europeans spread it through missionaries, the Crusades, and exploration.

What did Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal promote? Why (5)?

He promoted voyages of exploration in West Africa to get gold, discover new trade routes, get intel about Muslim power, get Christian converts, and make alliances with Christians.

What technologies was used for exploration (3) and how did they originate (4)?

Europe developed a sturdy ship, navigational equipment, and sailing techniques from a combination of Mediterranean and European tech and Chinese and Arabic elements.

Give 7 specific examples of technology and one technique used for exploration.

Sternpost rudder, square sail, triangle lateen sail, magnetic compass, astrolabe, cross staff, and back staff. They used monsoons to facilitate sailing.

What was volta do mar?

A navigational strategy in which the sailors would sail west, find favorable winds, and then turn around and go to Europe.

What happened as a result of volta do mar being used?

Faster, safer, and farther travels.

What did Prince Henry exchange for gold and slaves in the Western Coast of Africa (4)?

European horses, leather, textiles, and metalwares.

What did Bartolomeu Dias discover? Where was this discovery? Where did this allow Europeans to go and do?

He discovered the Cape of Good Hope in the Indian Ocean. This contained a direct route to Asia, which offered Europeans new trade opportunities.

What did Vasco da Gama trade? Was it profitable? What did it instigate?

He sold pepper and cinnamon, which was very profitable and instigated further European expeditions.

What was Vasco da Gama's voyage to India like at first? How did it change?

His journey was long, hard, and his cargo didn't sell very well. Then, he began trading pepper and cinnamon, which was very profitable.

What continent did Christopher Columbus discover?

The Americas (the new world).

What place (be very specific) did Christopher Columbus discover? What region was it located in?

The Bahamas in the Caribbean.

What did Christopher Columbus' voyage do?

It linked the eastern and western hemisphere as more people followed him.

Who were the Indians? Why were they coined such?

The Taino people in the Bahamas. They were called this because when Columbus arrived in the Bahamas, he thought he had arrived in the West Indies Islands in Asia.

Who followed Columbus to the Americas?

The Spanish, English, French, and Dutch mariners.

Why did the Europeans follow Columbus to the Americas?

To find the passage to Asian waters, for conquest, for settlement, and for exploitation of the Americas.

What was the significance of Vasco Nunez de Balboa?

He was a Spanish military commander that saw the Pacific Ocean first.

What was the significance of Ferdinand Magellan?

He was the first to circumnavigate the world.

What were some problems encountered by Magellan?

There was a tricky and treacherous strait, a food and water shortage, scurvy (which led to deaths), and political disputes.

Where did the Russians explore? What did they do there?

In the Pacific Ocean. They searched for fur as far as the South Hawaiian Islands.

What did the Russians search for?

A northeast passage to Asian ports.

What places did Captain James Cook chart (5)?

Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and Hawaii.

What did Captain James Cook do when he interacted with the Polynesians (2)?

He spent time learning their customs and languages.

Give an example of a Polynesian race.

The Hawaiians.

What did Captain James Cook contribute to the world's understanding?

He bettered the understanding of the world's oceans, lands, and people.

Who conquered the Philippines?

The Spanish.

Who conquered Indonesia?

The Dutch.

Who conquered Mongolia?

The Russians.

Who conquered Siberia?

The Russians.

What was the significance of 1763?

The Seven Years' War ended, and English military and merchant forces gained initiative over rivals that led to them dominating world trade and building the British empire.

Where did the Portuguese establish trading posts?

There was one in Calicut and Mozambique. There were also 50 between West Africa and East Asia. Lastly, there was also one in Goa.

Why was the the Portuguese trading post established in Goa?

To control Indian pepper.

Why were Portuguese trading posts established?

To control routes to various lands and seas, access to different places and markets, food trade, and shipping.

Who was Afonso d'Alboquerque?

A Portuguese commander of forces in the Indian Ocean.

What was the goal of Afonso d'Alboquerque?

To control the Indian Ocean by forcing merchants to buy passes to travel and trade there or risk getting their things confiscated and death.

Was Afonso d'Alboquerque successful in his goal? Why or why not?

He wasn't because he didn't have enough ships and so eventually lost influence. Many merchants also easily avoided him.

What was Goa?

The capital of Europe's Asian colonies until the 20th century.

Who controlled Goa?

The Portuguese.

What was Goa used to do?

It was used to built trading posts that enabled its rulers to rule trade networks.

What was built in Cape Town? By whom?

Dutch forces built a trading post here.

Where was Cape Town located?

In Southern Asia.

What were joint-stock companies?

English and Dutch companies with shareholders controlling stock.

Were joint-stock companies successful? Why or why not?

They were because they had no political oversight, meaning they can focus solely on profit. They also had advanced technology, a powerful military, and good orginiziation.

Were Europeans able to conquer Asia and Southeast Asia? Why or why not? How did they interact with them as a result?

They weren't able to because Asia has a large population and powerfully centralized states. As a result, they traded peacefully with them.

Why were the Europeans able to conquer the Philippines?

Because the Philippines had a large population but not a powerful, centralized government, meaning they had no organized resistance to ward off the Europeans.

What was Manila?

It was a successful trading city in the Philippines that traded with Asians and Spaniards.

What were Manila galleons?

Spanish trading ships that shipped silk goods to Mexico.

What did Spanish missionaries do in the Philippines?

They made the Filipino authorities convert to Christianity so that their followers would convert and further spread the faith.

What did Spanish missionaries build in the Philippines?

Schools that taught Christianity.

Where in the Philippines was Christianity strongest?

On the coast.

What religion are Filipinos now?

Christian.

How did the conquerors of Java/Indonesia rule?

The conquerors, the Dutch, imposed their rule on these islands but focused more on controlling trade than ruling.

What did the conquerors of Java/Indonesia do trade-wise?

They created a VOC monopoly and forced everyone to sell their spices to it or die.

What happened as a result of the Russians' conquest over the Mongol Khanates?

They controlled the Volga river and so traded with the Ottoman Empire, Iran, and India.

What did the Russians conquer?

The Mongol Khanates and most of Northern Eurasia.

What was Astrakhan?

A city on the volga delta.

What was the volga delta?

The place where the Volga river flowed into the sea.

What was the significance of Astrakhan?

It was a successful commercial center.

What was the Russians' goal in Siberia?

To get fur to trade.

How did the Siberians respond to the Russians' goal.

Some accepted it but others didn't.

How did the Russians react to the Siberians' respond to Russian goals? What happened as a result of all of this?

They were angry that they didn't get their way, so they resorted to violence. They fought and killed 70% of the Siberians. As a result, fur trade declined.

What was the missionary activity in Siberia?

Russians tried to convert Siberians to Christianity.

Was missionary activity in Siberia successful? Why or why not?

It was unsuccessful because the Siberians had little interest in converting. The Russians also had little interest in doing the conversions because only criminals (who were not desired) converted and whoever did convert were exempt from the fur trade, which the Russians desperately craved.

What was the significance of 1750?

By this time, all ports of the world, except Australia, participated in commercial relations.

What types of Russians fled to Siberia? Why?

Misfits and criminals. To get better working conditions.

What was one thing Europeans fought over in Asia and the Americas?

Fur trade.

What was one thing the English and Dutch fought over?

The Caribbean Islands.

What did the Dutch, English, and French fight over?

Control of the Indian Ocean.

Who was the Seven Years' War between?

Asians, indigenous American peoples, and Europeans.

Where was the Seven Years' War fought?

Europe, India, the Caribbean, and North America.

What was the Seven Years' War fought over?

Commercial rivalries and political differences.

What was the result of the Seven Years' War? Why was this the result?

It laid the foundation for 150 years of British imperial hegemony because England had won a bunch of victories that allowed it to dominate world trade.

What did European explorers establish between all peoples of the world? What happened to societies as a result of this?

Links in which plants, food, animals, humans, and disease was traded. As a result, some societies prospered while others declined.

What was the Columbian exchange?

A global diffusion of plants, food, animals, humans, and disease due to Columbus' (and other Europeans') voyages.

What were biological exchanges?

The exchange of plants, food, animals, humans, and disease due to European exploration.

What happened as a result of biological exchanges?

Human geography and the environment was permanently altered. Also, disease caused a major decline in population.

How does the effect of epidemic diseases in Europe compare with their effect in the Americas?

They were worse in the Americas. European adults had well-developed immune systems, so it was usually the kids who got them. However, it wasn't too harmful to their countries because it was the adults who were responsible for economic production and social organization. In the Americas, everyone got them, so their society declined.

How was the population affected by epidemic diseases?

The Aztec and Inca were killed off because they were densely populated. Other peoples in the Americas and the Pacific were also badly hurt. This was the worst demographic decline in history.

What was the exchange of food crops?

The Columbian exchange's trading of food crops and animals.

What food crops went from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia?

Tomatoes, potatoes, and corn.

What food crops and animals went from Afro-Eurasia to the Americas? How did they affect the Americas?

Wheat, bananas, apples, yams, horses, sheep, and goats. They increased food and animal energy supplies.

How was the world affected by the exchange of food crops? Why?

The population increased dramatically due to increased nutrition.

Why were there human migrations as a result of the Columbian exchange?

Because slaves were imported to the Americas from Africa, Europeans settled in the Americas, and Asians migrated to tropical and subtropical regions around the world.

Who traded with Asian markets?

The Portuguese, Dutch, and English.

List the products of global trade and the countries involved.

Europeans traded Persian carpets in India, Indian cotton in Southeast Asia, Spices from Southeast Asia in India and China, Chinese silk in Japan, Japanese silver in China and India, and Japanese copper in China and India.

Who found the vaccine for smallpox? What was it?

Edward Jenner. It was injecting cowpox into the patient.

What were Spanish galleons?

Fast, heavily-armed ships.

What did the Spanish galleons do?

They exchanged Asian luxury goods for Mexican silver. Then, they exchanged the silber for Asian gold, which they sold for Japanese silver ad luxury goods.