All of the APHG Vocab I Have

absolute direction

compass direction reading such as north or south

absolute distance

the exact measurement of the physical space between two places (irl)

activity space

the local areas within which people move or travel in the course of their daily activities; working space

aerial photography

taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated position off earth's surface

cartogram

a diagrammatic map type that represents the mapped area by distorting the geometry of the feature itself

cartographer

the art and science of graphically representing a geographical area, usually on a flat surface such as a map or chart

census

counts the population of a nation, state, or other geographic region

choropleth map

uses colors, shades of one color, or patterns to show location of spatial data

cluster

a localized anomaly, usually an excess of something given the distribution or variation of something else; things close together

compass rose

a diagram of a compass showing direction

dot density/distribution map

thematic map that uses dots to represent the frequency of a variable in a given area

elevation

distance above sea level

field work

the process of observing and collecting data about people, cultures, and natural environments

geospatial information system (GIS)

a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on earth's surface

global positioning system (GPS)

used to find the exact location of things

goode homolosine projection

- an example of an equal-area projection, which distorts the shape of objects in favor of accurately representing area

- divides the globe by continent and ocean to spread distortion equally across landmasses and bodies of water

isoline

lines drawn on a map connecting data points of the same value

latitude

distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees

longitude

distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees

map

a two-dimensional, or flat, representation of earth's surface or a portion of it

map projections

a way of representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface (2D)

map scale

the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on earth's surface

map symbols

colors, lines, shapes, & symbols that represent information on a map

mental map

an internal representation of a portion of earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located

mercator projection

- standard map projection used for nautical purposes because it correctly represents true direction everywhere on earth on a two-dimensional plane

- distorts size

peter's projection

- an equal-area projection purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally

- cylindrical projection that maintains accurate sizes of the world's landmasses

polar projection

- a cartographic projection of the sphere in which the point of sight is at the center and the plane of projection passes through one of the polar circles

- scale and area are both distorted

- best for air navigation

proportional or graduated circle map

a map that uses symbols (such as circles or dots) of different sizes to represent numerical values

reference map

a map type that shows reference information for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigation

relative direction

left, right, forward, backward, up, down, directions based on people's surroundings and perception

relative distance

- approximate measurement of the physical space between two places

- absolute distance is a physical unit of measure, for instance, the number of miles between downtown houston and downtown toronto... relative distance is calculated by measuring distance, using metrics such as time, effort, or cost

remote sensing

the process of taking pictures of the earth's surface from satellites (or, earlier, airplanes) to provide a greater understanding of the earth's geography over large distances

robinson projection

- shows the entire earth and distorts both shape and size slightly to make the two-dimensional representation look the most like the three-dimensional reality of the earth

- it does not eliminate any type of distortion, but it keeps the levels of all types of distortion relatively low over most of the map

satellite imagery

images of the earth taken from artificial satellites orbiting the planet

space

the physical gap or interval between two objects

spatial pattern

- perceptual structure, placement, or arrangement of objects on earth

- for example, if a restaurant distribution map correlated that one chain restaurant was placed every three blocks within a city, then a uniform spatial pattern would be represented through equidistant plotted points on the map

spatial perspective

a way of thinking about how and why physical features or processes are positioned in geographic space

thematic map

- thematic maps are maps that tell a story about a place

- thematic maps display the same geographical or political data shown on general maps as a base layer but then map some physical, economic, or cultural phenomenon or top of that base layer

topographic map

a map that shows the surface features of earth

cultural ecology

the study of the interactions between societies and their local environments

cultural landscape

the built forms that cultural groups create inhabiting Earth - farm fields, cities, houses, and so on - and the meaning, values, representations and experiences associated with those forms

data aggregation

the process of collecting and organizing large amounts of information

density

the number of individual items in a particular area

dispersal

the distribution of individual items in a geographic area

ecology

a biological science concerned with studying the complex relationships among living organisms and their physical environments

ecosystems

a territorially bounded system consisting of the interaction between humans and the environment

environmental determinism

the belief that the physical environment is the dominant force shaping cultures and that humanity is a passive product of its physical surroundings

environmental perception

the mental images that comprise humans' perception of nature; environmental perception may be accurate or inaccurate

formal region

a geographical area inhabited by people who have one or more traits in common- ex. french speaking regions of Canada, political boundaries, etc.

friction of distance

the inhibiting effect of distance on the intensity and volume of most forms of human interaction; time-space compression (refer to term 30) diminishes friction of distance

functional region

a geographic area that has been organized to function politically, socially, culturally, or economically as one unit- ex. delivery boundaries, school zones, etc.

geographic processes

the physical and human forces that work together to form and transform the world

global scale analysis

geographic scale that looks at geographic phenomena across the entire world ('global scale' on studymate)

glocal perspective

geographic perspective that acknowledges the two-way relationship between local communities and global patterns, emphasizing that the forces of globalization need to take into account local-scale cultural, economic, and environmental conditions

interdependence

the ties established between regions and countries that over time collectively create a global economic system that is not necessarily based on equality

land-use

a process of organizing the use of land to meet the occupant's needs while respecting the capabilities of the land

local scale analysis (and local scale)

lsa - geographic scale that identifies and analyzes geographic phenomena within a state or province, a city or town or neighborhood

ls - the level of analysis that explores relationships between phenomena and humans with the most detail... It is also the most malleable of scales

national scale analysis

geographic scale that identifies and analyzes geographic phenomena within a specific country

nodes

central points where the functions of a functional region (refer to term 12) are coordinated and directed

perceptual/vernacular regions

a geographic area that is perceived to exist by its inhabitants, based on the widespread acceptance and use of a unique regional name

place

how we modify space based on who we are as a group of people

possibilism

the belief that any physical environment offers a number of possible ways for a society to develop and that humans can find ways to overcome environmental challenges

region

a geographical unit based on one or more common characteristics or functions

regional analysis

the process of examining patterns and processes within and between regions at multiple geographic scales (local, national, regional, and global)

regional identity

the awareness of belonging to a group of people within a region

scale

the territorial extent of an idea or object

sustainability

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

time-distance decay

also known as Tobler's "first law of geography"; the idea that near things are more related than distant things, and interaction between two places decreases that farther apart they are

time-space compression

the decreasing distance between places, as measured by travel time or cost; often summarized by the phrase "the world is shrinking"

age structure

refers to the breakdown of a population into different age groups or cohorts

aging population

a population of a country or place that ages as the number or proportion of its elderly people increases

agricultural density

the number of farmers per unit of arable land

androcentrism

a phenomenon in which a culture demonstrates a marked preference for males

arable land

land suitable for cultivation

arithmetic (crude) density

the average number of people per unit of land area (usually per square mile or kilometer)

baby boomers

people born from 1946-1964 during the post World War II uptick in birth rate

carrying capacity

the number of people a particular environment (or Earth as a whole) can support on a sustainable basis

child mortality

deaths of children under five years of age

crude birth rate (CBR)

the average number of births per 1000 people; the traditional way of measuring birth rates

crude death rate (CDR) or mortality rate

the number of deaths per year per 1000 people

degenerative disease

a disease that causes deterioration over time, such as cancer, heart disease, and stroke

demographic equation

the method for calculating total population of a country or place based on natural increase and migration over a period of time (usually a year)

demographic transition model (DTM)

conceptualizes how crude birth and crude death rate as well as the resulting rate of natural increase change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization

demography

the statistical study of population and its change

dependency ratio

the number of dependents in a population, that each 100 working age people (ages 15-64) must support

developing (industrializing) country

countries that are of relatively low income or economically poorer than developed countries

doubling time

the number of years it takes for a population to double in size

ecumene

the portion of Earth's surface with permanent human settlement

elderly dependency ratio

the number of elderly dependents in a population (usually older than 64) that every 100 working-age people must support

epidemiological transition theory

seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease