Sociology

Lucy is learning about social constructs in her sociology class. Based on the lectures that she has been exposed to throughout the semester, Lucy has concluded that race is a social construct. Why would Lucy make this conclusion?

How humans identify and define race has remained consistent throughout human history

The United States has paid reparations to:

survivors of internment during World War ||

John was recently sentenced for 10 years in prison for possession of crack cocaine. His lawyer discovered that others have served less time for the possession of powder cocaine, a drug often associated with a different category of people. John's lawyer has concluded that this discrepant sentencing is the result of \__________.

Institutional discrimination

Gordon Allport's contact theory suggests that:

Interaction and exposure to members of other groups can be beneficial under some conditions

Sociologists define ethnicity as a system for classifying people who share\_________.

common descent, based on perceived cultural similarities

\____________ can be described as negative, simplified generalization about a group, whereas \__________ involves actions that harm individuals.

Stereotyping; discrimination

Mawenzi has sent out hundreds of résumés but has gotten very few replies, even though he graduated with honors from a top-tier school and has experience and excellent references. If Mawenzi suspected intentional discrimination, what statement would support his suspicion?

Mawenzi is experiencing the disadvantage of having a stereotypical "black name."

Which of the following statements regarding the racial gap in household wealth between white and black Americans is false?

Black Americans have made no gains in income since the Civil Rights movement

In the United States, \_________ has historically mattered more than \_______.

Race; ethnicity

A pessimistic interpretation of recent survey results used to measure racism might be that \_________.

Whites are reluctant to admit to harboring racial prejudices

Current data indicate that Asian Americans have the highest median household incomes in the United States. Researchers caution, however, that the data about Asian incomes can be misinterpreted because \__________.

Many Asian Americans live in high cost states

The amount of residential segregation in the United States separating Black and White Americans has \________ since 1980

Fallen steadily

The gap in life expectancy between Black women and White women in the U.S. is approximately \___________.

Two years on average

Sociologists describe race as a social construct. What does this statement mean?

Race is a system that is invented, created by human beings.

According to the U.S. census data, black and Latino families are \________ white families to fall below the poverty line.

More likely than

DuBois suggested that social progress for Blacks would not come through accommodating their oppression. What did he suggest Blacks do to gain equality with whites?

Gain education and political power

According to Nikole Hannah-Jones, what started the "natural experiment" for school desegregation in Missouri?

The Normandy school district lost its accreditation

What did Nikole Hannah-Jones' reporting indicate was successful in reducing the achievement gap between white and black students?

Integration

Which of the following factors is most responsible for school re-segregation after it's peak in 1988, according to Nikole Hannah-Jones?

Residential segregation by race

One of the main take aways from Dr. Fikes' presentation in class was:

Current members of the ACU community have benefitted from funds supplied by white supremacists.

Hirsch and Khan discuss how Black and white students experience the risks of college partying and sexual encounters such as "drunken hookups" differently. What is one of the main differences they mention?

Black students are more likely to fear encounters with police as the result of drinking

Armstrong, Hamilton, and Sweeney investigated conditions that make sexual assault more likely. Which one of these is NOT a condition that they suggested makes a difference?

Presence of a feminist club on campus

Ellen is a sociologist interested in studying how the gender revolution has impacted the composition of sexes in various fields of employment. She will study the percentage of males to females in specific occupations. Ellen is likely to utilize an index that will measure \__________.

Occupational sex segregation

The metaphor for barriers women face in the workplace that prevent them from reaching higher positions is the:

Glass ceiling

Someone whose gender is in line with the sex they were assigned at birth is:

Cisgender

Of the following, which is the most plausible explanation for why women continue to earn less than men?

Women in the workforce, by choice or because of discrimination, are concentrated in lower-paying jobs.

As demand for \__________ grew, employment opportunities for women increased during the 1960s and 1970s.

Service workers

Sexual attraction and behavior are shaped by \__________.

Both biology and social construction

Advances in women's rights are largely the result of the \________.

Feminist movement

Which of the following groups faces the least disadvantage when applying for jobs?

Heterosexual white men

Samantha and Jonah are in a romantic relationship. What is most likely their sexual orientation?

Heterosexual

What are stereotypes?

Beliefs about a group that are often untrue or exaggerated

Studies that demonstrate that gender differences fluctuate depending on the social situation offer proof that \__________.

Social forces have an impact on some gender differences

\___________ refers to the impact that social forces have on the individual in terms of what it means to be male or female; \_________ refers to how males and females differ in terms of anatomy, chromosomes, and hormones.

Gender; sex

Mass media, family, peer groups, and school are all examples of \__________.

Agents of socialization

The Jezebel caricature portrays \_________ as highly sexual and "lusty".

Black women

Which of the following statements about gender equality is true?

While sex before marriage has become more acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed very little in terms of gendered expectations.

Who developed the idea that we "do gender"?

Candace West and Don Zimmerman

The textbook says that fathers' paycheck sometimes increased from being a parent. This benefit in wages and perceived competence is called the:

Fatherhood bonus

Which of the following is the most plausible sociological explanation for the underrepresentation of men in jobs as kindergarten teachers?

Female-dominated occupations often pay less than male-dominated occupations.

Church-sect theory makes a number of prediction. The most important of these is:

Over time, sects are very likely to become more like churches.

Robin Perrin's article, "What Makes a Church Strong?" Demonstrates the utility of rational choice theory. In the article, her documents that high-cost, evangelical churches are growing while mainline denominations, like Methodists, Lutherans, and Presbyterians, are declining. Which of the following is one reason he gives for this?

Evangelical churches are high-cost, and specialize in other-worldly rewards.

Religion is:

Collective

According to Perry and Whitehead, Christian nationalism is:

A cultural framework that blurs distinctions between Christian identity and American identity, viewing the two as closely related and seeking to enhance and preserve their union.

An example of a disagreement in the culture wars is:

Differences of opinion on homosexuality and abortion

According to Durkheim, the notion of the soul comes from humans':

Experience of affecting other people through our interactions and relationships

Dr. Morrison and Dr. Smith are both faculty member at Abilene Christian College and are therefore required to be active member of a church of Christ. Both Morrison and smith attend the same congregation in Abilene. Dr. Cox, who teaches at Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, attends with Morrison and smith, but is not required to do so by her employer. Which problem would Perrin say Dr. Morrison and Smith are more likely to experience than Dr. Cox?

Tainted witness

According to weber, what religious group is responsible for inspiring American culture and capitalism?

Ascetic Protestants

The most common state religion is:

Christianity

Religious competition theory helps explain:

Why secularízate on has not occurred as predicted and why the U.S. is so religious

According to the theory of complex religion, we have to understand religion in relation to:

All of these

According to secularization theory, being exposed to multiple religions will cause:

Religion to lose significance

One important difference between religion and magic is:

Religion is always practiced in a group

Christian nationalists tend to think that \__________ should be favored in American public life.

Christians

The sociology of religion is best described as the scientific study of:

The causes and consequences of religion

According to recent data, the fastest-growing religious group in the United States is/are:

The "Nones" who do not identify with any religion

What is one of the leading predictors of Americans' support of police use of force, according to Perry and Whitehead?

High levels of support for Christian Nationalism

Which of the following is most closely associated with higher scores on the Christian Nationalism scale from Perry and Whitehead's work, discussed in the podcast?

Identifying with political conservatism

Listening to their interview on the Gravity Leadership Podcast, Perry and Whitehead make the point that their 6-item measure of Christian Nationalism:

Helps us understand Americans' values on questions of racial inequality

According to Perry and Whitehead's research, Christian Nationalism is most common among\________.

White Americans

Which of the following is an example of violating folkway?

Picking your nose in public

Social relations to deviance make an action deviant, not anything characteristic to the action itself. This is an idea posited just which theoretical perspective?

Labeling theory

Which of these is considered the least serious or norms?

Folkways are the least serious norms, as they mainly refer to customs, traditions, and etiquette. Social sanctions for violating them are also the least severe.

Belief, attachment, involvement, and commitment are four key social bonds which Hitachi asserts are instrumental in what?

Preventing social deviance

According to strain theory, there are five adaptations to social strain. Conformity and rebellion are two types of these adaptations. What are the other three?

Ritualism, retreatism, and innovation

What did Lombroso believe physical characteristics could tell us?

What kind of people are prone to criminal activity

Which of the following types of crime is not considered a violent crime?

Home burglary

Why did Papachristos and Wildeman believe that Chicago had worse violent crime levels than cities like New York and L.A. ?

Violent crime involvement spreads from close contact within one community

Broken window theory argues what?

Responding to broken windows or minor signs of disorder will reduce crime rates

Papachristos and Wildeman compared the spread of violent crime to \_______.

An epidemic that spreads through contact with a social network

Which is not considered a type of white-collar crime?

Property damage

Since the 1990s, the increased rate of immigration, reduced rate of lead exposure, and the expansion of police forces across the country are all possible contributions to which change?

The decrease of violence and violent crime

The federal government's 1990s program to allow local police departments to hire more officers likely had what effect on violent crime?

It reduced crime

The likelihood of becoming a victim of a violent crime in the United States has \_________ in recent decades, with the slight exception of the last year or so.

Gone down

Legal scholar Michelle Alexander's book on \___________ argued that it reinforces a racialized caste system in the United States.

Mass incarceration

Crime and deviance are important parts of sociology because they help us answer basic questions about \__________.

Social Control

Laws represent \__________.

Formal social control

The reading "Saints and Roughnecks" draws on a sociological theory of deviance. Which one does it most closely relate to?

Labeling theory

In class, Dr. Morrison discussed a study that tried to determine why police departments requested surplus military equipment. Which of these comes closest to one of their major findings?

Growth in local Black and Hispanic populations correlate with higher levels of weapons received

Underlying the argument about ending the program that gives military surplus to US police departments is the idea that: \_________

Equipping police officers like soldiers in war contributes to increased police violence.

Wilkinson and pickett's article on inequality and social dysfunction discusses the "social gradient" in several social problems. What does the fact of the social gradient mean for a society?

Health inequities affect everyone in society

In class, we read, and/or heard about Dr. McMillan Cottom's experience with the healthcare system. Which comes closest to the main thesis of her argument in that essay?

Black women are often treated as incompetent by the healthcare system

Medicalization can be clearly seen in:

ADHD

Based on 2014 OECD calculations, the infant mortality rate in the United States was higher than the infant mortality rate in \__________

All of these

This founder of modern sociology published The Philadelphia Negro, a study of Black Americans in Philadelphia, which included a detailed study of health. He argued that the poor health of Black compared to white Americans was not due to any individual biological limitations but rather to social conditions.

William Edward Burghardt (W.E.B.) DuBois

The founder of modern sociology studied suicide rates in France and other European countries and showed that different countries had vastly different suicide rates. He argued against the dominant understanding that suicide was a consequence of mental illness or personal shortcoming, suggesting that there are social factors external to the person that affect suicide rates.

Emile Durkheim

Social control is exerted:

All of these

This political scientist argued that society often misrecognizes Black women, burdening them with crude stereotypes that obscure or hide their true selves.

Melissa Harris-Perry

About what percentage of the US no elderly population (ages 0-64) was uninsured in 2017?

10%

The US fits neatly into which of the five global health care models?

None of these

PPACA stands for:

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

The life course theory of health focuses on three primary models that link social conditions during early life to later adult social conditions and health. The Sensitive Period Model suggests that in the case of child poverty:

Childhood poverty is related to later adulthood poverty, and it is also related to adult health independent of adult poverty

According to Wilkinson and Pickett, after a certain point, increases in gross domestic product make no difference in the level of social dysfunction in a society. Why is this?

Because after that point, inequalities within society make the most difference

Children born in the United States are more likely to survive their first year of life than children born in countries such as Afghanistan or Angola. Sociologists explain this difference by focusing on \___________.

How where you live influence your health

Despite paying more on healthcare in the United States, we \________.

Have shorter life expectancies than other countries with similar levels of wealth

Of these, the most powerful predictor(s) of one's health is \___________.

Socioeconomic status

Health can have a negative effect on an individuals income because it can \__________.

Affect a person's participation in the workforce

Even after controlling for SES, African Americans have \_________ white Americans.

Worse health outcomes than

The paradox of the American healthcare system is that we \________.

Pay more for insurance and yet fewer people are covered

The PPACA was designed to \_________.

Simplify access to private plans for people who don't have provided insurance