Chapter 2: Where, Why, and What? - An Illustrated Guide to Veterinary Medical Terminology 4th Edition

Covers the following topics found in Chapter 2: Where, Why, What? of An Illustrated Guide to Veterinary Medical Terminology 4th Edition: - In Position - The Plane Truth - Studying - You Have Said a Mouthful - The Hole Truth - Lying Around - Moving Right Along - Setting Our Cytes Ahead - It's in the Gene - Grouping Things Together - 1, 2 3, Go

ventral

refers to the belly or underside of a body or body parts

dorsal

refers to the back

also refers to the cranial surface of the manus (front paw) and pes (rear paw)

cranial

toward the head

caudal

toward the tail

anterior

front of the body

posterior

rear of the body

rostral

nose end of the head

cephalic

pertaining to the head

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

superior

uppermost, above, or toward the head

used more commonly in bipeds

inferior

lowermost, below, or toward the tail

used more commonly in bipeds

proximal

nearest the midline or nearest to the beginning of a structure

distal

farthest from the midline or farthest from the beginning of a structure

superficial

near the surface; also called external

deep

away from the surface; also called internal

palmar

caudal surface of the manus (front paw) including the carpus (from the antebrachial joint distally)

plantar

caudal surface of the pes (rear paw) including the tarsus (from the tibiotarsal joint distally)

midsagittal plane

plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves

also called the median plane and the midline

sagittal plane

plane that divides the body into unequal right and left parts

dorsal plane

plane that divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (belly) parts

also called the frontal plane or coronal plane

in humans, the frontal plane is a vertical plane because people stand erect

transverse plane

plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts

also called the horizontal pane or cross-sectional plane

may also be used to describe a perpendicular transection to the long axis of an appendage

anatomy

the study of body structure

physiology

study of body functions

physi/o

nature

pathology

the study of the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions

path/o

disease

pathophysiology

the study of changes in function caused by disease

etiology

the study of disease causes

eti/o

to cause

-logist

specialist

the dental arcade

how teeth are arranged in the mouth

lingual surface

the aspect of the tooth that faces the tongue

palatal surface

the tooth surface of the maxilla faces the tongue

buccal surface or vestibular surface

the aspect of the tooth that faces the cheek

the occlusal surfaces

the aspects of the teeth that meet when the animal chews

labial surface

the tooth surface facing the lips

contact surfaces

the aspects of the tooth that touch other teeth

contact surfaces are divided into mesial (closest to midline of dental arcade) and distal (farthest from midline of dental arcade)

body cavity

a hole or hollow space in the body that contains and protects internal organs

cranial cavity

contains the brain in the skull

spinal cavity

contains the spinal cord within the spinal column

thoracic or chest cavity

contains the heart and lungs between the neck and diaphragm

abdominal cavity

contains the major organs of digestion located between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity

pelvic cavity

contains the reproductive and some excretory systems’ (urinary bladder and rectum) organs bounded by the pelvic bones

abdomen

portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis containing the abdominal cavity

thorax

chest region located between the neck and the diaphragm

groin

caudal region of the abdomen adjacent to the thigh; also known as the inguinal area

membranes

thin layers of tissue that cover a surface, line a cavity, or divide a space or an organ

peritoneum

the membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and covers some organs in the area

parietal peritoneum

outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

visceral peritoneum

inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs

peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneum

umbilicus

pit in the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered the fetus

mesentery

layer of the peritoneum that suspends parts of the intestine in the abdominal cavity

retroperitoneal

superficial to the peritoneum

recumbent

lying down

dorsal recumbency

lying on the back

ventral recumbency

is lying on the belly = sternal recumbency

left lateral recumbency

lying on the left side

right lateral recumbency

lying on the right side

prone

lying in ventral or sternal recumbency

supine

lying in dorsal recumbency

adduction

movement toward the midline

abduction

movement away from the midline

flexion

closure of a joint angle

extension

straightening of a joint or an increase

hyperflexion

the palmar or plantar movement of the joint angles

hyperextension

dorsal movement of the joints beyond the reference angle

supination

act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned upward

pronation

the act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned downward

cyt/o

combining form for cell

cytology

the study of cells

protoplasm

collective name of the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

cell membrane

structure lining the cell that protects the cell’s contents and regulates what goes in and out of the cell

cytoplasm

gelatinous material located in the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

nucleus

structure in a cell that contains nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and the nuclear membrane

nucleoplasm

material in the nucleus

chromosomes

structures in nucleus composed of DNA, which transmits genetic information

genetic disorder

inherited disease or condition caused by defective genes

congenital

present at birth

anomaly

deviation from what is regarded as normal

tissue

a group of specialized cells that are similar in structure and function

histology

the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissue is histology

hist/o

combining form for tissue

epithelial tissue

covers internal and external body surfaces and is made up of tightly packed cells in a variety of arrangements

endothelium

cellular covering that forms the lining of the internal organs, including the blood vessels

mesothelium

cellular covering that forms the lining of serous membrane such as the peritoneum

meso-

middle

connective tissue

aids support and structure to the body by holding the organs in place and binding body parts together

adipose tissue

fat

muscle tissue

tissue type that contains cell material with teh specialized ability to contract and relax

nervous tissue

contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

-plasia

to describe formation, development, and growth in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

-trophy

formation, development, and growth in the size of an organ or a tissue or individual cells

anaplasia

change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other

aplasia

lack of development of an organ or a tissue or a cell

dysplasia

abnormal growth or development of an organ or a tissue or a cell

hyperplasia

abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in a normal arrangement in an organ or tissue

hypoplasia

incomplete or less than normal development of an organ or a tissue or a cell

neoplasia

any abnormal new growth of tissue in which manipulation of cells in uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive

neoplasms can form tumors