Ancient Roman Civilization - Second Exam - Multiple

When were the Social Wars?

91-87 BCE

What were the Social Wars fought between?

The Romans and their Italian allies

Allies were known as what?

Socii

What did the allies want?

Roman citizenship whereas others wanted to be fully independent from Rome

What caused the allies to revolt against Rome?

When Gaius Gracchus and Marcus Livius Drusus were assassinated and if they were never killed the Italian allies would have been granted Roman citizenship

Where did elections take place?

Rome

Second phase of the Civil Wars transitioned from the Conflict of Factions to what?

The Conflict of Armies

What type of family was Lucius Cornelius Sulla born into?

Patrician

When was Sulla elected as consul?

88 BCE

What was a notable invasion that Sulla caused?

The burning of the Temple of Jupiter

What was different about Sulla's rule over Rome?

Was the first dictator "for life" even though dictators were only used for cases of six month emergencies in Rome

What type of family was Gaius Marius born into?

A Roman Plebeian family

How many times was Marius consul?

Seven times

What war did Marius fight in?

The Civil War against Sulla and the Optimates

Who was the king that Marius captured and brought to Rome as part of his Triumph spoils?

Jugurtha, King of Numidia

What groups of tribes-people did Marius defeat with his legions?

Cimbri, Teutones, and Ambrones

What class of Roman society did Marius provide reforms for?

The Plebeians

What war gave rise for Lucius Cornelius Sulla and caused the chain of events that will later become the bloody conflict between the Populares *party of Marius* versus the Optimates *party of Sulla*?

The Social War which was located along the Italian Peninsula

What did Mithridates VI do in 88 BCE that was so terrifying to the Romans?

Massacred tens of thousands of Romans and Italians in a single day

Where were the coordinated attacks that Mithridates VI conducted against the Romans?

The west coast of Turkey, from Pergamum in the north to Caunos, the "fig capital" of the Aegean, in the south and killed somewhere between 80,000 to 150,000 of Romans

Where did Mithridates VI flee to when he was driven out of Asia Minor?

One of his territories in Crimea

How did Mithridates VI die?

Killed himself when he discovered that one of his sons was planning a coup against him

How many wars did Mithridates VI start between the years 88-64 BCE?

Three Mithridatic Wars

What changes did Mithridates VI cause in regards to Roman society

The campaigns ushered a new era of Rome by increasing the wealth of the state and brought prestige and power to its most influential generals

What kingdom did Mithridates VI rule?

Pontus, AKA, modern-day Turkey

Who defeated Mithridates VI?

Pompey the Great

What other kingdoms and territories were ruled by Mithridates VI?

The Kingdom of Phrygia, Kingdom of Bithynia, and the territory surrounding those two lands

Who declared the First Mithridatic War?

The Senate when they sent Lucius Cornelius Sulla to lead a campaign against Mithridates VI

Who did Pompey the Great ally with in the Third Mithridatic War?

The Parthians by invading Pontus and thus defeated Mithridates VI at Dasteria

What happened after Mithridates VI's death?

All of Pontus and its territories were incorporated into the Roman Republic and Pompey returned to Rome an incredibly powerful and wealthy general

What years did Sulla's reforms range from?

82-80 BCE when the Senate approved him as dictator in 82 BCE

First reform of Sulla

Proscriptions were issued, but they caused the death of 9,000 people, including 1,500 aristocrats

How much did the Senate increase because of Sulla?

600

What side did Sulla remain on?

The Optimates

What number of elected individuals increased?

Magistrates

Justice Courts were returned to who by Sulla?

The Senators

Who did Sulla strip of powers to propose laws, veto the Senate, and to no longer hold any other Magistrate offices?

The Plebeian Tribunes

What did Sulla establish?

The Course of Honor

What is the Course of Honor

An example would be those who wanted to be consul first had to become a questor and then praetor before they could advance to consul. Sulla also made it so that consuls could not run again until ten years had passed

What subsidy did Sulla cancel?

The grain subsidy that was originally proposed by Gaius Gracchus

Why were Sulla's reforms launched?

To strengthen the Optimates within the government at the expense of lowering the powers of the Populares

What is Lucius Sergius Catilina famous for?

His attempted coup against Rome in 63 BCE

What was Catiline tried for in 73 BCE?

His adultery with a Vestal Virgin named Fabia, AKA the half-sister to Cicero's wife and was supported by Catulus, a consul, in court

What was Catiline tried for in 65 BCE?

Extortion as governor of Africa and was supported by the current consul and numerous former consuls in court

What was Catiline suspected of when he married Aurelia Orestilla?

Murdering his wife and son

What kind of allies did Catiline have?

Young men who were easy to corrupt and manipulate, the desperate/indebted, sex works, ex-soldiers, and Senators

What did Catiline promise?

Erasing debt, offering government positions, and chances at gaining spoils of war

Who discovered Catiline's plans?

Cicero

What famous speech did Cicero give at a Senate meeting against Catiline?

In Catilinam or the First Catilinarian to expose Catiline's plans and attack his character

What was the outcome after Cicero's given speech against Catiline?

Catiline was offered voluntary exile and he fled Rome to gather his allies

Who defeated Catiline's army?

Antonius, a former friend and a consul alongside Cicero

Who was the first person to warn Cicero of Catiline's plans?

Fulvia, a lover of Quintus Curius, who was involved heavily in the conspiracy

Who gave Cicero letters that warned him about Catiline's plans?

Marcus Crassus

Who raised an army in Faesulae, Etruria on behalf of Catiline?

Gaius Manlius

Who else was declared as enemies of the state when Catiline fled Rome after the speech

Manlius

What were the two groups that all Roman citizens could be identified as?

The Populares and Optimates

Optimates were what?

The aristocratic, wealthy class

Populares were what?

The common people

The magistrate positions in the Senate consisted mostly of what class from Roman society?

The Optimates class

What do the Populares want?

Reform in the Roman government with more rights that support the common people

Catiline supported what class of Roman society?

The Populares class

What was the profession of Sallust?

A Roman politician and historian

What background did Sallust come from?

Plebeian background

What was Sallust elected as in 52 BCE?

Plebeian Tribune

What other titles did Sallust gain?

Praetor and eventually as governor of Africa Nova *Numidia* from 46-44 BCE

What did Sallust create in Rome?

The Garden of Sallust

What was Sallust mostly known for other than his political career?

His writings

What was Sallust's most important work?

The Catiline Conspiracy which serves to further our understanding of Catiline's character and Cicero's speeches

Sallust's writings are known as what?

The earliest written forms of Latin from his period of Rome

What historical figures were part of the First Triumvirate?

Pompey, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Julius Caesar

Pompey's goal

Wanted the Senate to negotiate their contracts with tax collectors in Asia, as well as settle his ex-soldiers in new lands

Crassus' goal

Known to have recently taken up the case of a struggling company of state contractors. They had bid too much for the tax rights of the province of Asia, and he was trying to get them permission to renegotiate the price

Caesar's goal

Wanted to secure consulship, launch a campaign to Gaul to achieve military glory and acquire more wealth

What caused the First Triumvirate to disband?

Crassus' death in 53 BCE when he was on campaign in Parthia and died at the Battle of Carrhae and tensions escalated between Caesar, Pompey and the Senate

What did Caesar do that was considered an act of war and instigated the Civil Wars?

Crossing the Rubicon with his legions

Who was considered the richest man of the Roman Republic?

Marcus Licinius Crassus

Who defeated Spartacus and the Gladiatorial Rebellion?

Was defeated and eradicated by Crassus

Who did Crassus serve in the Civil Wars (83-82 BCE) alongside Pompey?

They both served for Sulla as officers when they killed 3000 of Carbo's men in Spoletium and besieged Cartinas, the opposing general

Who proposed Pompey the Great to lead a campaign against Mithridates VI?

Cicero because he was certain that Pompey was the man for the job

Who was Pompey the son of?

A "new man", someone who was the first in their family to become a senator

What happened in Pompey's twenties?

Put together three legions on behalf of Sulla, won a triumph chasing down Sulla's rivals/enemy princelings in Africa and deemed as Pompey the Butcher

What was given to Pompey even though he was given no prior elected office?

The Senate gave him a long-term command in Spain to deal with a Roman general who had "gone native"

What did Pompey become when he bypassed all of the junior posts?

Consul in 70 BCE

What did Pompey spent most of his time doing?

Since his power was the result of military operations, his time was devoted to turning the central part of Mithridates Kingdom into a governed Roman province, adjusting province boundaries, founding dozens of new cities and ensuring that local monarchs/dynasts followed Rome

What was Pompey claimed to be?

The First Roman Emperor who supported the cause of the Republic against the increasingly independent power of Caesar as an opponent of imperial rule

What did Pompey gain before Caesar's supposed divination?

Many religious cults grew in his name, the founding of cities, and a calendar

What else did Pompey do?

Built forms of art and architecture

Who did Julius Caesar aspire to be like when he wept at this figure's statue in Spain?

Alexander the Great

What goddess did Caesar claim to be a descendent of?

Venus

What type of family was Caesar born into?

A Patrician family with ties to Gaius Marius

Why did Caesar escape Rome?

From Sulla since he was a supporter of Marius and Cinna through familial contacts

What governor did Caesar serve?

The Governor of Asia, Marcus Minucius Thermus

What king did Caesar have sexual relations with while he was away from Sulla's rule?

The King of Bithynia, Nicomedes

After being elected as military tribune, what tribe did Caesar and legions fight against?

The Germanic tribes

What battle did Caesar defeat Pompey at during their Civil War?

Battle of Pharsalus

Where did Pompey flee to after his battle against Caesar?

The Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt

Who killed Pompey?

Ptolemy XIII

After Pompey's death, what country did Caesar begin a foreign allyship with when announcing ten years of dictatorship?

Egypt

What was the Ides of March?

The assassination of Julius Caesar by a group of senators

Who warned Caesar of his future death before the Ides of March?

The soothsayer Spurinna and his wife