Music and Society Final Terms

Acordéon

Accordion (Spain)

Aesthetics

a set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in art

Alap

(in Indian music) the __improvised__ section of a __raga__, forming a __prologue__ to the formal expression

American Indian

a person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment

Andalusia

include Flamenco, folk dances such as sevillanas (Seville), verdiales (Malaga), seguidilla and Flamenco-rooted rock known as rock andaluz (Andalusian rock)

Anthropology

the study of human societies and cultures and their development

Apartheid

race-based segregation lasting from 1948 to the 1990s (South Africa)

Art Music

implies advanced structural and theoretical considerations or a written musical tradition

Ballad

narrative song form

Bayin

The eight chinese muscial instruments categories. They are grouped into silk, bamboo, wood stone, metal caly, gourd and skin

Berimbau

a single-string percussion instrument, a musical bow, originally from Africa

Blues

guitar- or piano-based genre (African America)

Bollywood

Hindi cinema

Bossa Nova

popular music form that combines influences from samba and jazz, at its height in the 1950s and 1960s (Brazil)

Buffalo Bill

an American soldier, bison hunter, and showman

Call and Response

an American soldier, bison hunter, and showman

Cante Flamenco

vocal music (Spain)

Capoeria

a martial arts/dance combination dating from the 16th century (Brazil)

Carnival

public celebrations, including events such as parades, public street parties and other entertainments, combining some elements of a circus

Caste System

a social hierarchy passed down through families (India)

Colonization

the action or process of __settling__ among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area

Kong Fuzi or Confucius

a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages

Cuica

a Brazilian friction drum with a large pitch range, produced by changing tension on the head of the drum

Cultural Nationalism

the assumption that nations are created from shared cultural elements

Cultural Revlolution

a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China launched by Mao Zedong in 1966, and lasting until his death in 1976

Culutrally Bound

dependent on meaning according to the culture from which it comes

Dance Regalia

what an Indigenous dancer wears during traditional dances

Drone

a minimalist genre that emphasizes the use of sustained sounds, notes, or tone clusters

Duende

the spirit of passionate authenticity linked to the performance of flamenco (Spain)

Dynamics

how quietly or loudly a piece of music should be played

Edward Said

a Palestinian American professor of literature at Columbia University, a public intellectual, and a founder of the academic field of postcolonial studies

Elements of Musical Sound

includes pitch, timbre, texture, volume, duration, and form

Erhu

vertically held bowed lute (China)

Ethnomusicology

the study of music in cultural context

Fado

a 19th century Portuguese vocal form (Brazil)

Festivals

a day or period of celebration, typically a religious __commemoration__

Field hollers

a historical type of vocal work song sung by field slaves in the United States to accompany their tasked work, to communicate usefully, or to vent feelings

Filmi git

A type of music typically used in the soundtracks of films from Mumbai, or a particular song of this type

First Nation

a collective name for the original peoples of North America and their descendants

Flamenco

a dance form associated with the region of Andalucía (Spain)

Folk music

music that __originates__ in traditional popular culture or that is written in such a style

Folkloric/folklorism

how a nation uses folklore in the promotion of local or nationalist ideals

Form

the structure of a musical composition or performance

Forró

party music featuring accordion, triangle, and drum (Brazil)

Frances Densmore

an American anthropologist and ethnographer born in Red Wing, Minnesota. known for her studies of Native American music and culture, and in modern terms, she may be described as an ethnomusicologist

Fundamental

the main or “home” pitch

Gaita galega

bagpipe associated with Galicia (Spain)

Gamelan

bronze gong-chime ensemble (Indonesia)

Gong kebyar

a style or genre of Balinese gamelan music of Indonesia, explosive changes in tempo and dynamics characteristic

Guqin

a seven-string plucked zither (China)

Guru

teacher (India)

Gypsy

a member of a people __originating__ in South Asia and traditionally having an __itinerant__ way of life, living widely __dispersed__ across Europe and North and South America and speaking a language (Romani) that is related to Hindi; a Romani person

Harmonics and partials

musical tones whose frequency is an integer multiple of a fundamental frequency

Hindustani

a group of mutually __intelligible__ languages and __dialects__ spoken in northwestern India, __principally__ Hindi and Urdu

Insider

someone who is a part of the culture they are studying

Interdisciplinary

examining a particular work from various disciplinary perspectives

Interlocking parts

when each person in a group plays a single note in sequence, creating a melody

Intersectional

interconnections between race, class, gender, and orientation as they apply to an individual or group

Inuit

a member of an indigenous people of northern Canada and parts of Greenland and Alaska

Jhala

a term in Hindustani classical music which denotes the fast-paced conclusions of classical compositions or raga

Jiangnan Sizhu

silk and bamboo music of the Jiangnan region (China)

Jig, polka, reel (as genre names)

a dance tune in a 6/8 arrangement (Ireland)

Jingju

Beijing opera (China)

Jor

a formal section of composition in the long elaboration of a raga that forms the beginning of a performance

Jota

dance form associated with Aragon (Spain)

Karnatak

a system of music commonly associated with South India

Kecak

Balinese vocal performance with interlocking patterns (Indonesia)

Khyal

a North Indian genre of vocal music (India)

Mardis Gras

events of the Carnival celebration, beginning on or after the Christian feasts of the Epiphany and culminating on the day before Ash Wednesday, which is known as Shrove Tuesday

Material culture of music

a collection of essays that explore a fundamental question in the current landscape of musicology

Melisma

singing many notes on a single syllable

Melodic mode

a type of musical scale together with features specific to that scale

Metallophone

any percussion instrument consisting of a series of struck metal bars

Middle East

a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia, Asia Minor, East Thrace, Egypt, Iran, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and the Socotra Archipelago

Missionary activity

formal teaching in a classroom or religious setting or through informal communication

Modality

modal quality

Mrdangam

barrel-shaped drum associated with Karnatak music (India)

Music culture

the impact that a person's culture has on their music cognition, including their preferences, emotion recognition, and musical memory

Native American

a member of any of the indigenous peoples of North, Central, and South America, especially those indigenous to what is now the continental US

Natyashastra

a Sanskrit treatise on the performing arts. The text is attributed to sage Bharata Muni, and its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BCE and 200 CE, but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE

Occident

the countries of the West, especially Europe and America

Octave

the interval between one musical pitch and another with double its frequency

Olé

a Spanish interjection used to cheer on or praise a performance commonly used in bullfighting and flamenco dance

Opera

a dramatic work in one or more acts, set to music for singers and __instrumentalists__

Oral transmission

the basic action of passing information, in this case music, through oral and aural means

Organology

The science of musical instruments including their classification and development throughout history and cultures as well as the technical study of how they produce sound

Orient

the countries of Asia, especially eastern Asia

Orientalism

the countries of Asia, especially eastern Asia

Ostinato

a repeating instrumental pattern over which melodies and songs can be performed

Outsider

someone who is not a part of the culture they are studying

Overtone

the very quiet pitches that accompany each naturally occurring note, based on who or what created the note

Patronage

the support given by a __patron__

Pipa

a lute in the shape of a half-pear (China)

Polyrhythm

multiple rhythms occurring simultaneously

Powwow

festive gathering that includes singing, dancing, drumming, and other elements (Native North America)

Prime Meridian

a planet's __meridian__ adopted as the zero of longitude

Program music

music that captures elements of the natural world through sound

Raga

a mode or way of organizing the melodic form of both composition and improvisation (India)

Ramayana

Range

a Sanskrit epic from ancient India, one of the two important epics of Hinduism, known as the Itihasas, the other being the Mahābhārata. The epic, traditionally ascribed to the Maharishi Valmiki, narrates the life of Rama, a legendary prince of Ayodhya city in the kingdom of Kosala