Ch. 9 Terms

antibody

protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to presence of specific foreign substance

antigen

substance, recognized as harmful, that stimulates formation of antibodies in immunocompetent individual

bile pigment

substance from hemoglobin breakdown, excreted by liver

cytokine

chemical substance produced by certain cells that change activity in other cells

dendritic cell

specialized monocyte that has antigens on surface & presents them to immune system

immunocompetent

possessing ability to develop immune response

natural killer (NK) cells

specialized lymphocytes that destroy virally infected cells & tumor cells by releasing chemicals to disrupt cell membranes, leaking fluid

blood

connective tissue of plasma of red & white blood cells and platelets

another name for RBCs

erythrocytes

another name for WBCs

leukocytes

another name for platelets

thrombocytes

hematopoiesis

development of blood cells into mature cells

job of RBCs

transport O2 & CO2 around body

erythropoiesis

RBC development, decrease in size, extrude nuclei

hemoglobin

iron

Function of hemoglobin

Carry oxygen to body and exchange it for carbon dioxide

hemosiderin

iron compound that hemoglobin breaks down into

job of WBCs

protect body against pathogen invasion

phagocytosis

process of ingesting and destroying bacteria

diapedesis

process of WBCs migrating through capillary walls

2 major types of WBCs

granulocytes and agranulocytes

granulocytes

presence of granules in cytoplasm of cell

agranulocytes

absence of granules in cytoplasm of cell

types of granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs, polys)

granulocytes that appear to have multiple nuclei

mononuclear lymphocytes (MNLs)

agranulocytes with only 1 nucleus

platelets

smallest formed elements in blood, cells fragments that initiate blood clotting at injured vessel walls

thromboplastin

substance that initiates clot formation

fibrinogen

soluble blood protein, forms fibrin strands that net trap blood cells

thrombus (blood clot)

jellylike mass of blood cells & fibrin, impedes blood blood

hemostasis

impeding blood flow

plasma

liquid portion of blood where cells are suspended, composed of 92% water and plasma proteins

Plasma proteins

Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

blood serum

product of blood plasma formed when fibrinogen & clotting factors are removed from plasma

Lymph contains

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Organs in the lymphatic system

Nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils

lymphatic system

consists of lymph fluid, lymph vessels

Functions of the lymphatic system system

1. Main fluid balance
2. Transport liquids away from digestive organs
3. Filter and remove unwanted or infectious products in lymph nodes

interstitial (tissue fluid)

when small plasma seeps from capillaries

lymph capillaries

convert interstitial fluids into lymph

right lymphatic duct

lymph vessels from right chest & arm, drains into right subclavian vein

Thoracic Duct

lymph from everywhere else enters, drains into left subclavian vein

spleen

resembles node by being a filter for agents, also destroys old red blood cells and houses healthy blood cells

thymus

transforms certain lymphocytes into T cells for immune system

tonsils

masses of lymphatic tissue in pharynx

Pathogen

Disease causing organism

innate immunity

barriers designed to block entry into body

acquired immunity

identifies & destroys pathogens once entry

when does innate immunity begin

present from moment at birth

nonspecific immunity

defends body no matter what type of pathogen, the innate immune system

first line barrier

Keeps pathogens from entering the body, skin and mucous membranes

second line barriers

Stop spread of pathogen once it enters, phagocytes, natural killer cells, and inflammation

when does acquired immunity begin

develops after birth in immunocompetent individual

specific immunity

custom, acquired immune system

macrophages

enter tissue spaces & become highly phagocytic

Antigen presenting cell

Unique antigenic properties are preserved and then displayed on the surface of the macrophage

2 Types of Lymphocytes

B & T cells

B lymphocytes provide is kind of immunity

Humoral or antibody immunity

T lymphocytes provide this kind of immunity

Cellular immunity

adenopathy

disease of a gland

agglutination

process of clumping

erythroblastosis

condition of red cells in blood

hypochromic

pertaining to color deficiency

erythrocyte

red blood cell

granulocyte

granule cell

hemophobia

fear of blood

hematoma

tumor of blood

immunology

study of immune system

lymphoid

resembling nymph

lymphadenopathy

disease of lymph gland

lymphangioma

tumor of lymph vessel

morphology

study of shape

myelogenic

forming bone marrow

mononuclear

pertaining to one nucleus

phagocyte

swallowing cell

poikilocyte

irregular

serology

study of serum

sideropenia

decrease in iron

splenomegaly

enlargement of spleen

thrombosis

condition of blood clot

thymopathy

disease of thymus gland

hemocytoblast

embryonic blood cell

monocytopenia

monocyte deficiency

neutrophil

a WBC with neutral attraction

anaphylaxis

against protection, allergic reactions

hemopoiesis

formation of blood

anisocytosis

condition of unequal cells

hypersensitivities

abnormally heightened immune responses

immunodeficiencies

depressed immune responses

autoimmunity

immune system fails to recognize own tissue

hematology

branch of medicine that studies blood

hematologist

specialist in study of blood

allergy & immunology

branch of medicine that deals with immune system disorders

anemias

deficiency in number of erythrocytes or amount of hemoglobin within RBCs

hypochromia

cells with lack of color due to deficiency of hemoglobin within RBCs

erythropenia

deficiency in number of erythrocytes

hemoglobinopathy

disease of defective hemoglobin

sickle cell anemia

defective hemoglobin that resemble crescents when O2 is low

hemolyze

when cells easily break apart

sickle cell crisis

pain from blockage of cells