exam 2 psy 341

has exam 1 and 2 terms bc exam is cumulative

Acute Stress Disorder

Symptoms begin within four weeks of event and last for less than one month.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

An extensive network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all other organs of the body. Controls involuntary activities.

Corticosteroids

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.

Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder

Detached from own mental processes or bodies.

Dissociative Amnesia

Unable to recall important personal events/ information, typically traumatic or stressful information.

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Dissociative Fugue

Extreme version of dissociative amnesia.

People not only forget their personal identities and details of their past, but also flee to an entirely different location.May be brief or more severe.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Person experiences a disruption to his or her identity, as reflected by at least two seplarate personality states or experiences of possession.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Clients move their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of the objects and situation they ordinarily try to avoid.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Pathway

Hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland. Pituitary gland secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex. Adrenal cortex triggers the release of corticosteroids. Corticosteroids travel to organs, producing arousal.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Symptoms may begin either shortly after event, or months or years afterward. 25% of people with \____ don't develop full clinical syndrome until 6 months or more after trauma. Symptoms continue longer than a month.

Self-Hypnosis

The process of hypnotizing oneself, sometimes for the purpose of forgetting unpleasant events.

State-Dependent Learning

Learning becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions.

Sympathetic Nervous System

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

Automatic Thoughts

Unpleasant thoughts that keep suggesting that they are inadequate and that their situation is hopeless.

Bipolar Disorder

Disorder marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression.

Bipolar I Disorder

Full manic and major depressive episodes.

Bipolar II Disorder

Mildly manic episodes alternate with major depressive episodes.

Cognitive Triad

Negative view of experiences, oneself, and future.

Cyclothymic Disorder

Numerous episodes of hypomania and mild depressive symptoms.

Depression

Low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt, or related symptoms.

Major Depressive Disorder

Person displays an increase in depressed mood for the majority of each day and/or decrease in enjoyment or interest across most activities for the majority of each day.

Mania

State or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking.

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood.

Symbolic Loss

According to Freudian theory, the loss of a valued object (for example, a loss of employment) that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one. Also called imagined loss.

Unipolar Depression

Depression without a history of mania.

Behavioral Activation

Therapist works systematically to increase the number of constructive and pleasurable activities and events in a client's life.

Brain Stimulation

Biological treatments that directly or indirectly stimulate certain areas of the brain.

Cognitive Therapy

Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

An experimental treatment in which electrodes are implanted in a key component of the depression-related brain circuit (subgenual cingulate) and attached to a battery.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

A treatment for unipolar depression that is based on the belief that clarifying and changing one's interpersonal problems will help lead to recovery.

Lithium

Very effective in treating bipolar disorders and mania. Determining the correct dosage for a given patient is a delicate process. Too low \= no effect. Too high \= lithium intoxication (poisoning).

MAO Inhibitor

Antidepressant effect discovered accidentally. Work biochemically by slowing down the body's production of MAO.

Mood Stabilizing Drugs

Used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders; an example is lithium.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Increase serotonin activity without affecting norepinephrine or other neurotransmitters.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

An electromagnetic coil is placed on or above the patient's head and sends a current into the individual's brain. Increases neuron activity in the prefrontal cortex and improves function throughout the brain's depression-related circuit.

Tricyclic

Act on neurotransmitter reuptake mechanics of key neurons. Block an overly vigorous reuptake process and allow serotonin and norepinephrine to remain in the synapses longer.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation

A treatment procedure for depression in which an implanted pulse generator sends regular electrical signals to a person's vagus nerve; the nerve then stimulates the brain.

Crisis Intervention

A treatment approach that tries to help people see their situations more accurately, make better decisions, act more constructively, and overcome their crises.

Death Darer

A person who is ambivalent about the wish to die even while attempting suicide.

Death Ignorer

A person who does not believe that their self-inflicted death will mean the end of their existence.

Death Initiator

A person who attempts suicide believing that the process of death is already under way.

Death Seeker

A person who clearly intends to end their life.

Dichotomous Thinking

Viewing problems in rigid "either/ or" terms.

Interpersonal Theory of Suicide

A theory that asserts that people with perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and a psychological capability to carry out suicide are the most likely to attempt suicide.

Retrospective Analysis

A psychological autopsy in which clinicians and researchers piece together information about a person's suicide from the person's past.

Subintentional Death

When the individual plays an indirect, covert, partial, or unconscious role in their death.

Suicide

Self-inflicted death in which one makes intentional, direct, and conscious effort to end one's own life.

Suicide Prevention Program

A program that tries to identify people who are at risk of killing themselves and to offer them crisis intervention.

biological perspective

considers illness to be brought about by malfunction parts of the organism, points to problems in brain chemistry or anatomy

psychodynamic perspective

proposed person’s behavior is determined largely by underlying, unconscious, dynamic, psychological forces, abnormal symptoms are the result of conflict among these forces

cognitive behavioral perspective

focuses on maladaptive behaviors and/or thoughts in understand and treating psychological abnormalities

humanistic perspective

emphasis on people as friendly, cooperative, and constructive, focus on drive to self-actuality through honest recognition of strengths and weaknesses

existentialist perspective

emphasis on accurate self-awareness and meaningful life, humans are constantly searching for meaning and defining themselves through actions, psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception

sociocultural perspective

abnormal behavior includes social and cultural forces that influence an individual, addresses norms and roles in society

multicultural perspective

all behavior and treatment are best understood in the context of culture, cultural values, and external pressures in that context

Abnormal psychology

Scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning.

Asylum

An institution offering shelter and support to people who are mentally ill.

Deinstitutionalization

The gradual relocation of residents to regular, community

Managed Care Program

A program where the insurance company determines key care issues.

Moral Treatment

A movement that emphasized humane and respectful techniques.

Multicultural Psychology

How culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors affect behavior and thought and how people of different cultures, races, and genders may differ psychologically.

Psychogenic Perspective

Abnormal functioning has psychological causes.

Psychotropic Medications

Medications used to treat and change behaviors.

Somatogenic Perspective

Abnormal functioning has physical causes.

Treatment / Therapy

Procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior.

Deviance

A behavior that seems different from societal norms.

Distress

A behavior that causes problems for the individual and those around them.

Dysfunction

A behavior that denies the individual the ability to function in their daily lives.

Danger

A behavior that causes either the individual or those around them to be in danger.

Axon

The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

Brain Stimulation

Direct or indirect brain stimulation, Approaches: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), Deep brain stimulation

Catharsis

Reliving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts.

Classical Conditioning

Associations between stimuli.

Client-Centered Therapy

A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

Dendrite

The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

Ego

Reality principle: seeks gratification but guides us to know whether we can get it.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

Equifinality

Multiple pathways can lead to same disorder.

Existential Therapy

A therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and value.

Exposure Therapy

An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion

Family Systems Theory

Abnormal functioning within a family leads to abnormal behavior in its members.

Fixation

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure

Free Association

A method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Id

Pleasure principle: instinctual needs, drives, and impulses.

Model

Used by scientists and clinicians to treat abnormality, explains events and basic assumptions. Guides treatment techniques and principles.

Modeling

Observing and repeating behavior.

Multicultural Perspective

All behavior and treatment are best understood in the context of culture, cultural values, and external pressures in that context. Prejudice and discrimination may impact functioning.

Multifinality

Similar developmental variables may lead to different clinical outcome.

Neuron

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

Neurotransmitter

Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.

Object Relations Theory

The psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior.

Operant Conditioning

Rewards and punishments.

Psychosurgery

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

Receptor

Protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response.

Resistance

Unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy.