Entire manual 1

Give an example of referred pain

Angina Pectoralis

The applying of stimulus for longer and longer periods of time and loss of conscious awareness of that stimulus is called

adaptation

inadequate oxygenation of the heart muscle resulting in pain being referred to the chest wall and left shoulder is called

Angina Pectoralis

The instrument labeled "A" with the blue tape was used in what lab test?

Calipers - Two Point Discrimination Test

\_______ react to stimulus in the external environment

exteroceptors

Name one stimuli that general sense receptors react to

heat

A proprioceptor that is found around tendons is called?

Golgi Tendon Organ

Reflux of gastric juice into the esophagus causing a sensation of intense discomfort in the thorax is referred to as

heartburn

\_____ react to stimuli arising within the body

interoceptors

the specialized muscle cells that are found wrapped in sensory nerve ending of the muscle spindle proprioceptors are called

Intrafusal cells/fibers

A proprioceptor that is found around skeletal muscle cells is called

Muscle Spindle

The process by which the brain refers sensations to their usual point of stimulation is called?

Projection

\______ respond to internal stimuli, of the skeletal muscles, tendons/joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles

Proprioceptors

The non uniform and clustered locations of general sense receptors is called?

Punctate Distribution

A sensory experience in which pain is perceived as arising in one area of the body when another area is receiving pain stimulus is called

Referred Pain

The sensory experience called \______ causes the perception of pain to appear in one area of the body when in fact another area is being stimulated

referred pain

Changes in the body or the external environment, "Irritants", stimuli cause \_______ to react

sensory receptors

Name one of the special senses

vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste (name any one)

Changes in the body or the external environment, "irritants" that cause sensory receptors to react are called

stimuli

The ability to determine which portion of skin has been touched is called

tactile localization

The instrument labeled "A" with the blue tape was used in what lab test

Test tube and pencil - depth perception

name 2 cutaneous (skin) sensations studied in lab

touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain (ANY TWO)

sensory receptors act as \______, changing environmental stimuli into afferent nerve impulses

transducers

In lab, the test in which calipers are used to distinguish when one sharp point or two are perceived as distance between the ends of the calipers are changed is called

two-point discrimination test

the smallest distance at which two points of contact can be felt is called?

two-point threshold

Define PRESBYOPIA

"OLD VISION" - Lengthening of the near point accommodation

Define CATARACTS

A condition causing the lens to become increasingly hard and opaque

Define ACCOMMODATION

Ability of the eye to focus on objects closer than 20 ft

The ability of the eye to focus differently for objects of near vision & 6m (20 feet) is called?

Accommodation

In the accommodation pupillary reflex test done in the lab, what was the reaction of looking and focusing at a distant object and then focusing at a very close object by the pupils?

Pupil dilation & constriction

The \______ chart was used in the lab to show irregularities in curvature of the lens/cornea

Astigmatism chart

\______ is blurred vision caused by irregularities in the curvature of the lens or cornea

Astigmatism

A test result of 20/15 is better or worse than normal vision

20/15 VISION IS BETTER than normal

Predators have what type of vision?

Binocular vision/depth perception

name one depolarizing cell found in the sensory layer/tunic

Ganglion cell, bipolar cell, rods, or cones

What is the function of the ciliary glands?

eyeball lubrication

the \_____ lens is used to correct the myopic/nearsighted eye

concave

the photoreceptor cells called \_____ are responsible for color vision

cones

what is conjunctivitis?

inflammation of the conjunctiva

what is the medial rotation of the eyes called?

convergence

in the convergence reflex test done in the lab, what was the reaction of looking and focusing at a distant object and then focusing at a very close object by the eyes?

regular eye movement, then medial eye movement to view close object

The \_____ lens is used to correct the hyperopic/farsighted eye

convex

Name one part of the fibrous tunic/layer labeled "A" with the blue tape

Cornea/Sclera

What do the extrinsic muscles allow the eye to do?

eyeball movement, follow a moving object

Name one of the 2 groups of muscles responsible for eye reflexes

intrinsic/extrinsic muscles

The \____ is the part of the eye that is examined when using the opthalmascope

retina

What eye disorder is caused by compression of retina/optic nerve?

glaucoma

Name one of the non-depolarizing supporting cells found in the retina

horizontal cells

Which specific type of lens is used to correct hyperopia?

convex lens

Define HYPEROPIA

Farsightedness. Image is focused behind the retina

\______ is the general name of the involuntary muscles that are responsible for changes in both the lens curvature and pupillary size

Intrinsic muscles

\_______ is the specific name of the color plates used to test for color blindness in lab

Ishihara Color Plates

Name of constituent of the lacrimal apparatus

lacrimal sac

what do the lacrimal glands produce?

tears

what is the function of the lacrimal sac?

fills & stores tears

optic tract fibers will synapse with what part of the brain?

Lateral geniculate body of the thalamus

Fibers from which eye are found in the left optic nerve?

left eye

Fibers from which eye are found in the left optic tract?

Medial fibers from right eye and laterals fiber from left eye

What is the cause of presbyopia?

Loss of elasticity of the lens over time

What is the function of the lysozyme?

kill bacteria

which specific type of lens is used to correct myopia?

concave lens

Define MYOPIA

Nearsightedness. Image is focused in front of retina

closer in children and young adults and farther with old age, the \_______ is the closest distance an object can be focused on clearly

Near point of accommodation

Fibers from which eye are found in the optic chiasma

median fibers from the left and right eyes

What causes glaucoma

Optic nerve due to lack of drainage of the aqueous fluid

fibers/axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus will branch into the

Optic radiation

prey tend to have what type of vision?

panoramic

the \_____ reflex is observed by sudden illumination of the retina by bright light causing the pupil to constrict in direct proportion to light intensity

photopupillary

what accompanies conjunctivitis in the eyeball?

redness

what is the bending of light upon passing from one substance to another called?

refraction

light bending power of the cornea, lens, or vitreous humor is called its

refractive index

name one part of the sensory tunic/layer labeled A with the blue tape

retina

fibers from which eye is found in the right optic nerve?

right eye

the photoreceptor cells called \_____ are responsible for dim light vision

rods

what is the function of the scleral venous sinus?

reabsorption of aqueous humor

the \______ chart is used to measure visual acuity

Snellen Chart

What is a sty?

inflammation of the ciliary (sweat) glands or a small oil gland

what do the tarsal glands produce?

an oily substance

what are the tears comprised of?

dilute salt solution with lysozymes

name one part of the vascular tunic/layer labeled "A" with the blue tape

choroid

The Snellen chart was used to test \_____

Visual acuity

The branched optic radiations will terminate in which region of the brain?

Visual cortex

A test result of 20/40 is better or worse than normal vision

worse than normal vision

Define: Presbycusis

"Old hearing". Loss of high frequency and frequencies involved with speech

Which hearing test done in lab used a ticking clock?

Acuity test

The enlarged region at the base of each semicircular canal is called?

Ampulla

What is the device used in the audiometry test?

Audiometer

Define: Audiometry

Determination of hearing acuity by exposing each ear to sound stimuli of varying frequency (Hz) and intensity (db)

The lab test for equilibrium that spun a subject quickly and halted them abruptly to see nystagmus is called

Barany Test

What do the ceruminous glands produce?

wax

The \_________ consists of a tuft of hair cells covered with a gelatinous cap

Crista Ampullaris

It is thought that high pitched sounds peaked on the basilar membrane close to the \______

oval window

It is thought that low pitched sounds peaked on the basilar membrane close to the

round window

Found on the walls of the saccule and the utricle, the \_______ consists of hair cells embedded in an otolithic membrane and otholiths

maculae

The crista ampullaris of the semicircular canals are responsible for the perception of what type of equilibrium, dynamic or static?

dynamic equilibrium

The maculae of the saccule and the utricle are responsible for the perception of what type of equilibrium, static or dynamic?

static equilibrium

in this condition, if large amounts of pus or fluid accumulate in the middle ear cavity, an emergency procedure called \_______ may be used to relieve the pressure

Myringotomy. lancing the eardrum

The involuntary rolling of the eyes in any direction or the trailing of the eyes slowly in one direction followed by rapid movement in the opposite direction is called?

Nystagmus

Inflammation of the middle ear is called

Otitis Media

\_______ is a gelatinous mass that is part of the maculae

Otolithic membrane