Bio Honors - Chapters 1&2 - Nature of Science and Organic Chemistry

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Science

An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world.

Inference

A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience.

Hypothesis

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

Theory

an explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments over time

Principle

A concept based on scientific laws and axioms (rules assumed to be present, true, and valid) where general agreement is present.

Scientific Law

theory that is found correct 100% of the time

Bias

A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.

Ethics/Ethical

Rules of conduct recognized by a particular group

Morality/Moral

Rules of right content (right vs wrong)

Scientific Method

Universal approach to solving scientific problems

Scientific Method Step 1

Define the problem

Scientific Method Step 2

Form a hypothesis

Scientific Method Step 3

Test the hypothesis

Scientific Method Step 4

Results

Scientific Method Step 5

Analyze data

Scientific Method Step 6

Conclusions

Scientific Method Step 7

Report results

Observation

Information obtained through the senses.

Information (background)

helps form hypothesis; research

controlled experiment

An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time; one you would carry out at least twice

Control

stays the same or close to the same

Variable

changing component

Independent variable

a variable (often denoted by x ) that is deliberately changed

Dependent variable

a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another.

quantitative observation

An observation that deals with a number or amount

qualitative observation

An observation that deals with characteristics that cannot be expressed in numbers.

constants

the factors in an experiment that remain the same

unit of length

meter

unit of mass

grams

unit of volume (liquid)

liter

unit of volume (solid)

cm3

unit of time

seconds

unit of temperature

Celsius or Kelvin

biology

The study of life

organism

An individual living thing

light microscope

uses light to produce a magnified image

simple microscope

a microscope that contains only one lens

compound microscope

A light microscope that has more than one lens

objectives

The lens or system of lenses in a microscope that is nearest the object being viewed (can be changed)

Diaphragm

Regulates the amount of light on the specimen

magnifying power

ocular power x objective power

magnification

the ratio of an object's image size to its real size

resolution

the ability to show two points that are close together as separate images

atom

Basic unit of matter

element

pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

mass number

the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus

isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

compound

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

ions

positively and negatively charged atoms

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

single bond

a covalent bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons

double bond

A chemical bond formed when atoms share two pairs of electrons

triple bond

A chemical bond formed when atoms share three pairs of electrons

molecule

smallest unit of most compounds

van der Waals forces

a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

polar molecule

molecule that has areas of slight (+) and slight (-) charges (ex. water)

hydrogen bond

strong bond that can form between molecules (not as strong as ionic or covalent)

cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

specific heat

amount of heat energy required to increase its temperature

neutrilization

adding a base to an acid to make water and salt (neutral product)

indicator

substance that changes color to show different pH levels

acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

base

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

litmus paper

an indicator paper that turns red in an acid and blue in a base (no color change if neutral)

methyl orange

turns from yellow to red in an acid

Phenolphthalein

turns from clear to red in a base

buffers

weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

organic chemistry

the chemistry of carbon

carbon's valence electrons

four

structural formulas

shows structure of molecules

monomers

building blocks of polymers

polymers

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

Carbohydrates

C, H, O (2:1 ratio of H to O)

function of carbohydrates

main source of energy

Monosaccharides

simple carbs (monomer)

glycogen

what animals store extra monosaccharides in

plant starch/cellulose

what plants store extra monosaccharides in

-ose

what sugars end in

lipids

fats, oils, waxes

elements in lipids

C, H, O (not a 2:1 ratio)

function of lipids

long term energy storage

saturated fats

held together by single bonds; solid at room temp - "bad" fat

unsaturated fats

held together by double bonds; liquid at room temp - "good" fat

hydrogenation

process of changing unsaturated fat into saturated fat by adding hydrogen from water

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

elements in nucleic acids

C, H, O, N, P

nucleotides

building blocks of nucleic acids

what nucleotides are made of

phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base

Sugar in DNA

deoxyribose

Sugar in RNA

ribose

function of nucleic acids

genetics

elements in proteins

C, H, O, N

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

carboxyl group

COOH

hydrogen location

bottom

amino group

NH2