Midterms

Variation

A difference in characteristics in organisms caused by genetic and environmental factors

Biodiversity

The number and variety of organisms in an area

Species

A group of organisms sharing similar genetic and physical traits; cannot produce fertile offspring

Darwin’s finches

13 different species of finches on 13 Galápagos Islands; let to development of speciation

Speciation

The formation of a species; share an ancestor but are different species

Structural adaptation

Physical traits that help an organism/species survive (ex webbed feet)

Behavioural adaptation

behavioural traits that help an organism/species survive (ex webbed feet)

biological diversity

compares behaviour of a species with total species in an area. \# of runs / total \# of organisms

niche

where an organism lives and what it does

generalist

broad niche- adaptable and can live in variety of conditions

specialist

narrow niche- specific needs

environment

the area and conditions in which biotic and abiotic things live

competition

the struggle between species for a limited resource

symbiotic relationship

a relationship between two organisms

parasitism

symbiotic relationship where one benefits and the other is harmed

commensalism

symbiotic relationship where one benefits and the other is neutral

mutualism

symbiotic relationship where both benefit

heritable traits

traits that are passed through generations

asexual reproduction

one parent and child is identical

binary fission

parent divides creating two identical cells; asexual

spores

single celled structure containing all needed genetic information to create new organism; floats to new location to reproduce; asexual

zoospore

spore with a tail

meristem cells

growing tips and roots that are rapidly reproducing cells: rhizomes, runner, cutting, graft, tubes

budding

a group of cells growing on an organism that eventually fall off

sexual reproduction

two parents, child is unique combination

bacterial conjugation

the transfer of genetic material between bacteria; sexual

zygospores

form in mould and are created by two connecting sources; sexual

flower reproduction

pollen from stamen (anther+filament) is transferred to the pistil (stigma+style+ovary). Pollen (male gamete) meets ovules (female gamete) and fertilisation occurs

cross pollination

pollen from a different flower is transported to the pistil; sexual

self pollination

pollen from the same flower is transported to the pistil; asexual

fertilisation

male gamete (sperm in animals) and female gamete (egg in animals) must meet in same place and same time

hereditary

the passing from parent to child

discrete variation

limited number of possibilities

continuous variation

range of possibilities

DNA structure

twisted ladder; alternating sugar and phosphate; adenine+ thymine / guanine + cytosine

DNA

found in tightly wound packages of chromosomes; found in nucleus of cell; contains instructions needed for organism

gene

a section of DNA that codes for traits

allele

part of the gene

dominant trait

it will appear if it shows up in the gene

recessive trait

it will only appear if there are two of them in the gene and no dominants to get in way

phenotype

the appearance of an organism based on genes

genotype

the genetic makeup of an organism

homozygous

two of the same trait (dominant/recessive)

heterozygous

two different alleles

genome

a map where genes are on DNA/chromosomes

nature vs nurture

both genetics and environment can affect an organisms traits

mutation

an error in DNA

mutagen

causes a mutation

somatic cells

body cells; not sperm/egg

mitosis

chromosomes split in nucleus then cell divides and chromosomes come back\= 2 daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each that are identical

sex cells/gametes

egg or sperm

meiosis

first mitosis then chromosomes are randomly mixed and split\= 4 unique different daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each

biotechnology

using or modifying living organisms for the benefit of mankind

genetic engineering

changing the DNA of an organism

transgenic

and organism with another ones genetic information

artificial selection

breeding a species for specific traits

natural selection

organisms with best traits for survival reproduce

homozygous structure

similar structures in different species (points to common ancestor)

\# of extinctions

5 in the last 600 million years

extinctions per day

1 throughout history- 70 today

causes of mass extinction

catastrophic events

extirpation

a local extinction

benefit of zoos to biodiversity

teach, allow reproduction, keep from dying out

benefit of seed banks to biodiversity

allows endangered plants to stay, variation

benefit of global treaties to biodiversity

allows countries to put laws in place to protect wildlife and endangered species

benefits of protected areas to biodiversitya

allows wildlife to flourish without humans getting in way

particles and amount of space between each other

gas has most

WHMIS

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System

atoms vs elements vs molecules

elements are types of atoms, molecules are combined elements

5 points of the particle model

all matter contains extremely small particles, each pure substance is it's own type of particle, particles attract each other, particles are always moving, particles at a higher temperature move faster than those at a lower temperature.

particles and amount of energy

solid gives more, gas takes more

particles and amount of movement

gas has more movement

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

pure substance

element or compound

pure element

only one type of atom present

homogeneous

completely mixed, uniformly scattered, looks like one

heterogeneous

not completely mixed or scattered, visible as more than one substance

physical change

state of the substance changes

chemical change

chemical properties change

Examples of physical change

melting, freezing, vaporisation, condensation, sublimation

Examples of chemical change

combustion, electrolysis, oxidation, tarnishing

evidence of a chemical change

Heat is produced/absorbed, Starting material used up, Change of colour, Material with new properties forms, Gas bubbles form in a liquid, Precipitate forms in a liquid, Change is difficult to reverse.

physical property

A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance

chemical property

A characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into different substances

law

describes or summarises something that happens

theory

describes why something happens

Law of Conservation of Mass

total mass of reactants \= total mass of products. Mass is not created or destroyed

law of definite proportions

a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass (H2O \= 2-H, 1-O)

Thomson's Model

The atom is made up of negative particles equally mixed in a sphere of positive materials.

Rutherford's model

discovered the nucleus, containing protons and neutrons. Electrons were outside the nucleus

Bohr's Atomic Model

Atoms have levels surrounding the nucleus where electrons are found. Electrons orbit the nucleus. Nucleus contains protons and neutrons.

Electron Cloud Model

electrons are similar to waves

Proton

Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom

Electron

negatively charged particle; located outside the atomic nucleus

Neutron

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

Atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Neutrons \=

atomic mass - protons \=

Dmitri Mendeleev

Created the periodic table: organised elements by chemical/physical properties, predicted discovery of unknown elements.

halogens

Group 17, reactive, nonmetal, more reactive as you go up

alkali metals

Group 1, incredibly reactive, metal, more reactive as you go down