VD Exam 1

Superior margin of orbit

Frontal Bone and Sphenoid

Inferior margin of orbit

Maxilla, Palatine and Zygomatic

Medial margin of orbit

Ethmoid, Lacrimal Bone, and Frontal

Lateral margin of orbit

Zygomatic And Sphenoid

Seven extraocular muscles

1. Levator palpebrae superioris

2. Superior rectus

3. Inferior rectus

4. Medial rectus

5. Lateral rectus

6. Inferior oblique

7. Superior oblique

lacrimal apparatus

Lacrimal gland, Lacrimal ducts, Superior Punctum & Inferior Punctum, Lacrimal caruncle, Ampulla, Lacrimal Canaliculi (Canaliculus), Lacrimal Sac, Nasolacrimal duct, Inferior Meatus of Nasal cavity, Valve of Hasner

When does the globe reach adult size?

3 years old

When does the orbit reach adult size?

16 years old

When do the lacrimal glands become functional?

At 6 weeks of age

Reason why newborns do not produce tears when crying

When do tears become present?

1 to 3 months

What color is the iris usually in neonates?

Light Blue or Gray

When does the iris get its definitive color after birth?

6 to 10 months

Chromatophores

pigment cells

What determines eye color?

Chromatophores in the loose vascular connective tissues

What color does the iris appear if the melanin is confined to the pigmented epithelium on the posterior surface of the iris?

Blue

What color does the iris appear if the melanin is distributed throughout the stroma?

Brown

What are the five layers of the cornea?

Epithelium

Bowman's membrane

Stroma

Descemet's membrane

Endothelium

What makes up the anterior chamber angle?

Schwalbe's line, Trabecular meshwork, Scleral Spur, Canal of Schlemm, Iris, Ciliary Body, Aqueous Humor

10 Layers of the retina

1. retinal pigment epithlium

2. photoreceptive layer

3. external limiting membrane

4. outer nuclear layer

5. outer plexiform layer

6. inner nuclear layer

7. inner plexiform layer

8. ganglion cell

9. optic nerve fiber layer

10. inner limiting membrane

When is the pupillary reflex present?

30 to 35 weeks in womb

What does the dorsal pathway process?

"Where", spatial

What does the ventral pathway process?

"What", object

Parasol cells are what type of Thalamus LGN layer?

Magnocellular

Midget cells are what type of Thalamus LGN layer?

Parvocellular

Bistratified cells are what type of Thalamus LGN layer?

Koniocellular

What development stage is from conception to birth?

Prenatal

What developmental stage s from birth through maturity?

Postnatal

What is an oocyte?

an immature egg

What is sperm?

Male sex cell

When is the embryonic period?

first 8 weeks

When is the fetal period?

weeks 9-38 (remaining 30 weeks)

Neonatal period

the first 4 weeks after birth

infancy

first year of life

Childhood

2 years to puberty

Adolescence

11 to 19 years

Elderly/Older

Above 60 years

What day of the embryonic period does development end?

56th day

How long is a trimester (in terms of pregnancy)

3 months

Which trimester has the most critical stages of development?

first trimester (13 weeks)

What weeks during the embryonic period are the most visible advances made?

3rd to 8th weeks

Fetal period

Differentiation and growth of tissues and organs occur and the rate of body growth increases

During infancy how much do length and weight increase by?

length increases by 50%

weight is usually tripled

How many teeth do children usually have by 1 year old?

6 to 8 teeth

Primary (deciduous) teeth

baby teeth

Secondary (permanent) teeth

32 adult teeth

What is active ossification?

formation of bone

what is the acceleration of growth before puberty?

prepubertal growth spurt

Critical or Sensitive period

a maturational stage in the lifespan of an organism during which the nervous system is especially sensitive to certain environmental stimuli.

visual acuity

sharpness of vision

contrast sensitivity

the ability to detect differences in light and dark areas in a visual pattern

What type of task is contrast sensitivity?

detection

What type of cone is a Protan missing?

L cones

What type of cones is a Deutan missing?

M cones

What type of cones is a Tritan missing?

S cones

visual field

total area in which objects can be seen in the side (peripheral) vision as you focus your eyes on a central point.

refractive errors

Is a problem with focusing of light on the retina due to the shape of the eye

Binocular vision and depth perception

used to determine position in space relative to objects in visual field

presbyopia

loss of accomodation

triad

Accommodation, Convergence, Pupillary reaction (miosis)

convergence

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object

Amblyopia (lazy eye)

loss or lack of development of central vision in one eye that otherwise appears normal

strabismus

eye misalignment

motion perception

process of inferring the speed and direction of elements in a scene based on visual, vestibular and proprioceptive inputs

temporal vision

The analysis of changes in luminance over time

Form vision

recognition of objects in a particular form within a visual environment

What are the lowest levels of form vision?

recognizing lines and contours

What are the higher levels of form vision?

performing tasks such as completing boundaries and recognizing contour combinations

integrate the perceived information to recognize an entire object.

object recognition

is the ability to assign labels to objects in order to categorize and identify them

What are the 3 divisions (vesicles) that the neural tube generates with?

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

The three vesicles become subdivided into what 5 vesicles?

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Metencephalon

Mylencephalon