Exam 2

carbohydrates made of

C, H, O, carbon plus water

carbohydrate monosaccharides linked by

covalent links by glycosidic bonds

carbohydrate function

energy source, structure, make up bacterial cell walls, make up part of nucleic acids

single carbohydrate

monosaccharide

multiple carbohydrates

disaccharides or polysaccharides

functional groups can be

combined

form fits

function

C6H12O6

glucose formula, a carbohydrate / sugar polymer

antigen

anything that activates our immune system / body will make antibodies for when injected in, can be CHOS

B cells

scan for their specific antigen and rapidly produce antibodies through plasma cells to attack the invader when detected

RBCs are made of

CHOs and numerous proteins

protein comes from

DNA (DNA-RNA-protein)

CHOs come from

enzymes (usually proteins)

carbohydrates

blood type antigens are

biofilm definition

1 membrane enclosing many bacteria that live together, a defense against the host and antibodies, develop antibiotic resistance so hard to kill

bacteria in biofilm

can be in different physiological stages (expressing different proteins) yet still all live together

bacterial exopolysaccharides

high molecular weight carbohydrate biopolymers often secreted by cells into the extracellular environment, provide various functions that are useful to bacteria.

strep pneumonia

capsule is a major virulence determinant by preventing phagocytic cells from clearing them in this bacteria

how biofilm forms

bacteria produce polysaccharides to encompass multiple cells

what a biofilm is

bacteria that adhere to biotic or abiotic surfaces and are enclosed in a polysaccharide matrix

biotic

living

abiotic

dead

examples of biofilm

oil spills, plaque on teeth

lipids can be

simple or complex

simple lipid example

triglycerides

lipids

what has more energy CHO or lipid

complex lipid example

steroids like cholesterol

lipids function

needed for structure and energy, help with signaling

not easily soluble glucose CHO

celluose

easily soluble glucose CHO

starch and glycogen

glycogen

chain of glucose, how we store it in our body for energy

normal CHO structure

ring structure

pentose (5 side) CHOs

ribose and deoxyribose

hexose (6 side) CHOs

glucose and fructose

ribose

RNA sugar

deoxyribose

DNA sugar

glycosidic bond

think sugar

how many bonds C needs around it

4 (4 shared electrons)

bent angle represnts

a carbon at each point

C=O

carbonyl group, ketone or aldehyde, carbon double bound to oxygen

aldehyde

carbonyl at end of molecule

ketone

carbonyl within the molecule away from ends

-OH

hydroxyl group

CHOs can be

antigens that stimulate antibodies (blood group antigens or in vaccines) and biofilms (bacteria encased in polysaccharide-protects bacteria from environmental exposure like disinfectants, antibiotics, immune system)

capsules

encases a singular bacteria, bunch of them make up a biofilm, exopolysaccharides secreted by individual bacteria and prevent phagocytosis, made of different sugars/CHOs

lipids are

fats, waxes, oils

dehydration synthesis

removing a molecule of water from 2 molecules, how we make all basic biomolecules

ester linkage

result of squeezing out an H2O molecule by dehydration synthesis

PO4

phosphate group, lipid with 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

cell membrane job

protect inner cell from external things, is semi-permiable

phospholipid bilayer of cell membrane made of

lipids, proteins, CHOS, cholesterol, a mosaic of basic biomolecules

fluid mosaic model

the phospholipid bilayer changes % of what makes it up, a mosaic because made of a mix of different things and ratios, fluid because fatty acids are formed in it

C can be

single bonded or double bonded, can bond with other atoms or itself

saturated fat

full shell of H bound it it, more unhealthy, straight legs in cartoon

unsaturated fat

less H around it, not full, more fluid/flexible, less tightly packed together because less hydrogen, bent leg in cartoon

saturated fat example

butter

unsaturated fat example

oil

how cells change to become less fluid

increasing amount of cholesterol in phospholipid bilayer or increasing amount of saturated fat

phospholipid bilayer head group is

polar, hydrophilic

phospholipid bilayer tail is

non polar, hydrophobic

water

exception of a polar molecule that can pass through phospholipid bilayer

what do invaders need to pass through phospholipid bilayer

proteins

amphipathic

being part hydrophobic part hydrophilic, the phospholipid bilayer having a duel nature

nucleic acids

instruction manual for cell, DNA and RNA

protein monomer

amino acid

protein polymer

proteins

nucleic acid monomer

nucleotide

lipid monomer

glycerol plus fatty acid

lipid polymer

phospholipid, cholesterol, hormones

nucleic acid polymer

DNA and RNA

protein polymer

proteins

how polymers are made from monomers

dehydration synthesis

nucleotide made of

sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base

nitrogen bases

A (adenine), G (guanine), T (thymine), C (cytosine), U (uracil)

DNA uses

AGTC and deoxyribose sugar

RNA uses

ACUC and ribose sugar

the carbons in sugar are all

prime

2 prime OH groups

in RNA

RNA is unstable because

it has 2' hydroxyl groups

3' OH group

DNA has this

what the 3' OH group is used for

it is used to join with other nucleotides to form a linear chain or nucleotides

think of DNA as a

ladder

sides of ladder are

sugars, PO4 connected to OH

5' 3' link

the PO4 group attached to 5' C on first nucleotide and 3' OH group on last nucleotide in chain

antiparallel molecule/ structure

in DNA ladder, PO4 on top of one half ladder and at bottom of other side, same with OH group

rungs of DNA ladder are

nitrogen bases (A,C,T,G,U)

what binds nitrogen bases

hydrogen bonds

in DNA A binds to

T

C binds to

G

in RNA A binds to

U

how much DNA strands needed to clone an animal

only 1, all of body made of same DNA strands they just express what they need in each area

proteins

workforce of cell

general structure of amino acid

alpha carbon plus amino group and carboxylic acid group

proteins can be

good antigens

why DNA mutation is bad for proteins

DNA becomes RNA which becomes proteins so if the DNA is messed up the protein will be messed up

peptide bond ends

N terminis and OH terminis

4

how many levels of structure do proteins have

proteins made of

over 100 amino acids linked by peptide bonds

number of amrino acids

20, named based off their R group

R group determines

how amino acid is structured and functions