bio midterm

Characteristics of life

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction

Hierarchy of organization of life

1. chemical level

2. cellular level

3. tissue level

4. organ level

5. organ system level

6. organism level

Virus structure

DNA or RNA and a protein coat

Is a virus living?

A virus is not living because it can't surrvive independent of a host organism

control

standard for comparison (example: heart rate when not moving. empty tube in photosynthesis lab.)

qualative data

descriptive data

quantative data

numerical data

Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

eukaryotes have a nucleus and prokaryotes do not; prokaryotes are simple, only have ribosomes

Most common elements in living things

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

What element do all organic compounds contain?

Carbon

Why is carbon important?

All living things are made of carbon (4 outer electrons)

monomers of lipids

fatty acids and glycerol

polymers of lipids

triglycerides and phospholipids

Monomer function

protein monomer - amino acids; carbohydrate monomer - glucose/energy.

polymer function

proteins- many functions. ex. enzymes, hormones; lipids - fats, cell membrane; carbohydrates - energy

Plants vs. Animal Cells

plant cells contain a cell wall and chloroplasts while an animal cell does not

ribosomes

makes proteins

Chloroplast

organelle found in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs

Vacoules

store water and nutrients in the cell

Lysosomes

uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts

Mitochondria

organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

nucleus

Control center of the cell

cilia

hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane

Flagella

tails found in single celled organisms to aid in movement

cytoplasm

portion of the cell outside the nucleus found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

hypotonic solution

concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution; ex. pure water

isotonic solution

solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

hypertonic solution

causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis; ex. salt water

cell membrane structure

phopholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

cell membrane function

controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

a polar molecule contains

a region of positive charge and a region of negative charge

Diffusion

molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

osmosis

diffusion of water

facilitated diffusion

transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient

active transport

movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy, against the concentration gradient (low to high)

Monomer structure of proteins

amino acids

pH of acids and bases

the pH of pure water is 7

Structure of enzymes

proteins: active site fits one substrate

enzyme function

speed up chemical reactions (lower activation energy - see graph)

dehydration synthesis

two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

hydrolysis reaction

water is used to break down a polymer

reactants of photosynthesis

carbon dioxide and water

Product of photosynthesis

glucose and oxygen

optimal light for photosynthesis

white

optimal temperature for photosynthesis

room temp

Chlorophyll

green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

cell respiration reactants

glucose and oxygen

cell respiration products

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

what kind of organisms perform cell respiration

animals, plants, and fungi EVERYTHING

what kind of organisms perform photosynthesis

plants, algae, and some bacteria (producers/ autotroph)

When does fermentation occur

absence of oxygen

ATP function

energy carrier in every type of organism

ATP releases energy when

a phosphate is removed

Anatomy

study of structure

Physiology

Study of function

Anatomy and Physiology

structure and function

maintain homeostasis

stable internal environment; ex- temperature. If too hot \= sweat, blood vessels dilate (you turn red)

pulmonary circulation

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

systemic circulation

supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs

arteries structure

thick muscular walls, elastic tissue to stretch

Arteries function

carry blood away from the heart

veins structure

3 layers, thin walled; valves to prevent backflow

veins function

carry blood to the heart

capillaries structure

Thin-walled: one cell-layer thick

Capillaries function

exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones

Blood makeup

55% plasma (mostly water), 45% cells (mostly red blood cells)

blood functions

transportation, regulation, protection

What makes the heart sounds

opening and closing of valves

valves function

prevent back flow of blood

The heart maintains...

a constant circulation of blood throughout the body

Trace the blood flow through the heart

Right atrium \> right ventricle \> pulmonary circuit \> left atrium \> left ventricle \> aorta \> systemic circuit

Alveoli structure

- Thin epithelial layer

- Rich capillary network

- Internal surface is covered with a layer of fluid

Alveoli function

air sacs where gas exchange occurs

diaphragm function

contracts to allow the lungs to expand when breathing in air

respiratory diseases

diseases relating to breathing or your lungs.

chemical vs mechanical digestion

chemical- stomach acid; enzymes like amylase

mechanical- mouth & esophagus

chemical digestion enzymes

pepsin, amylase, lipase

mechanical digestion enzymes

food through digestive system

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, colon, rectum, anal canal, out the anus

Role of mouth in digestion

chews food into smaller particles that become mixed with saliva

Role of pharynx in digestion

swallowing

Role of esophagus in digestion

transport of materials to the stomach (contractions \= peristalsis)

Role of stomach in digestion

Stomach acid inactivates salivary amylase

More mechanical digestion

mostly protein digestion

Role of small intestine in digestion

completely digests and absorbs carbs, proteins, and fats

role of large intestine in digestion

reabsorption of water

Role of anus in digestion

opening for elimination of feces

liver in digestion

produces bile

stomach structure

made of smooth muscle, j shaped

stomach function

breaks down and digests food into order to extract nutrients