CV test

hpm

Transport food, water, electrolytes, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, oxygen to cells of the body and remove wastes and carbon dioxide

Function of the Cardiovascular system

Apex

Inferior margin is pointed

Base

Superior margin is flattened

Pericardium

Triple layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart. It confines the heart to its position in the mediastinum, yet allows it sufficient freedom of movement for vigorous and rapid contraction

Fibrous pericardium

Tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue

Serous Pericardium

Thinner membrane that forms a double layer (parietal + visceral) around the heart

Parietal Pericardium

Outer layer of the serous pericardium that is fused to the fibrous pericardium

Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

Adheres directly to the heart and is composed of squamous epithelium

Pericardial Cavity

Space between the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium filled with fluid that acts as a lubricant to prevent friction when the heart beats

Epicardium

Outer layer of the heart wall

Myocardium

Thickest, middle layer of the heart. Cardiac muscle; Cardiac muscle cells are arranged in spiral bundles.

Endocardium

Inner layer of heart wall composed of squamous epithelium and lines the chambers of the heart and covers the heart valves

Atria

(right and left) Superior and smaller chambers of the heart that act as receiving chambers for blood entering the heart. Myocardium is thin

Left atrium

Collects blood from the four pulmonary veins which drain blood from the lungs

Right atrium

Collects blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus, superior vena cava drains blood from the body above the heart, inferior vena cava drains blood from the body below the heart, coronary sinus drains blood from the heart itself

Auricles

Earlike appendages attached to the atria that increase the internal volume of the atria as they receive blood

Interatrial septum

Right and left atria are separated by a wall

Ventricles

(right and left) The inferior and larger chambers of the heart that push blood out of the heart and into the blood vessels.

Right ventricle

Pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk which carries the blood to the lungs

Left ventricle

Pumps blood into the aorta which carries the blood to the body

Left

Myocardium is thick in which ventricle having the thickest heart wall?

Trabeculae carneae

Inner wall has irregular folds of muscle

Papillary muscle

Trabeculae carneae form slender projections which attach to the heart valves.

Interventricular septum

Right and Left ventricles are separated by a wall

Tricuspid valve, Bicuspid/Mitral valve, Chordae tendinae

Atrioventricular Valves

Pulminary valve, Aortic valve

Semilunar Valves

Tricuspid valve

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

Chordae tendinae

Attaches from the cusps of the AV valves (prevent them from turning inside out), to the papillary muscles on the ventricular walls

Heart Murmur

AV valves have a defect that prevents complete closure, some blood flows back into the atria

Pulmonary valve

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

Aortic valve

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

Lub

Sound from the closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves and the contraction of the ventricles

Dup

Sound is the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves

Coronary circulation

Flow of blood to the heart

Coronary arteries

Branch into more arteries forming a crown or corona around the heart

Corona

A crown around the heart

Cardiac Cycle

Sequence of events that occurs during one heartbeat, 72 bpm means a cardiac cycle of .8 seconds

Systole

Ventricles contracting

Diastole

Ventricles relaxing

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Heartbeat originates in the heart muscle itself, certain cardiac muscle cells repeatedly fire spontaneous action potentials (impulses) that then trigger heart contractions

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Where the Action Potential spreads from SA node that's located in the septum between the two atria

Step 1 of Heart Conduction System

SA node triggers action potential (AP) which spreads over the muscle fibers and causes both the left and right atrium to contract

Step 2 of Heart Conduction System

Action Potential spreads from SA node to the atrioventricular (AV) node, located in the septum between the two atria.

Step 3 of Heart Conduction System

AP enters the Atrioventricular node bundle (bundle of His), the only connection between the Atria and Ventricles.

Step 4 of Heart Conduction System

AP travels down the bundle of His where it splits into Right and Left bundle branches, towards the apex of the heart.

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Can be used to see electrical activity of the heart

P wave

Electrical wave passes over atria

Q, R, S waves

Electrical wave passes over ventricles

T wave

Repolarization of the ventricles

Purkinje fibers

Conduction myofibers rapidly conduct the AP from the apex upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium

Arrhythmia

Abnormal Heart Rhythms

Tachycardia

Heart beats too rapidly (over 100 bpm)

Bradycardia

Slow heart beat (under 60 bpm)

Fibrillation

Small areas of heart beat weakly and independently of each other, no blood is pumped

Inferior and Superior VC --\> Right atrium --\> Tricuspid valve --\> Right ventricle --\> Pulmonary semilunar --\> Pulmonary artery --\> Lungs --\> Pulmonary vein --\> Left atrium --\> Mitral (Bicuspid) valve --\> Left ventricle --\> Aortic semilunar --\> Aorta --\> Arteries --\> Capillaries --\> Veins

Full blood flow through the heart

Stroke volume

Amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle

Cardiac Output \= heart rate * stroke volume

Cardiac Output equation

Medulla oblongata

Regulates Heart rate or number of heartbeats per minute and is connected to the heart by autonomic nerves

Sympathetic division

Contains cardioaccelerator nerves that increase the heart rate

Bainbridge reflex

These nerves increase heart rate during physical activity

Starling's law (of the heart)

The stretching of cardiac cells by blood will increase the strength of the contraction

Arteries

Blood vessel that carries blood away from a heart chamber

Tunica intima

Lining of endothelium covered by connective tissue rich in elastic fibers, creates a hollow interior or lumen

Tunica media

Middle, thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Tunica adventitia

Outer layer of connective tissue that anchors the artery to neighboring structures

Capillary

Microscopic vessel that connects the arterioles and venules

Capillaries

Permits the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and interstitial fluid

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport

Name processes that capillaries use to regulate the movement of materials

Endothelium (Capillaries)

The semi-permeable and regulates the movement of materials by the processes of diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport

Veins

Blood vessel that carries blood toward a heart chamber

Tunica intima

Thin layer of endothelium, larger lumen than an artery

Tunica media

Thin layer of smooth muscle, properties of contractility and elasticity are limited

Tunica adventitia

Thickest layer of connective tissue

Distensibility

When the vein fills with blood it expands

Valves, Respiratory pump, Skeletal muscle pump

Venous Return of blood to the heart

Pulse

Expanding and recoiling of an artery wall felt at points where arteries are superficial and lie over firm structures

Increase

Epinephrine and norephinephrine \___________ blood pressure

Decrease

Artirial natriuretic hormone (ANH) \_____________ blood pressure

Increase

ADH \____________ blood pressure

Decrease

An increase in the amount of urine will \____________ the blood pressure

Increase

Decrease in the amount of urine will \____________ the blood pressure

Increase

Release of renin will \____________ blood pressure

Pulmonary circulation

Blood traveling back and forth from the lungs

Systemic circulation

Blood traveling back and forth from the body

Oxygenated blood

Systemic arteries and pulmonary veins

Deoxygenated blood

Systemic veins and pulmonary arteries

Internal carotid

Brain

External carotid

Neck, face and head

Subclavian

Clavicle area

Axillary

Shoulder

Brachial

Upper

Ulnar

Forearm

Radial

Forearm

Palmar

Palm of the hand

Femoral

Thigh

Anterior tibial

Shin

Posterior tibial

Calf

Internal iliac

Pelvic area

Renal

Kidneys