HUSH Sem 1 Cumulative

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202 Terms

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Christopher Columbus
He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India;

First time arrived arrived in Bahamas, 1492 time brought men back to Spain for conversion to Christianity, abandoned crew members;

Died thinking he found route to Asia
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Treaty of Tordesillas
A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

A year after Columbus's voyage Pope Alexander VI divided non-Christian world between Spain and Portugal
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Conquistadores
Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

Spanish took the lead, wanted to spread Catholicism and acquire wealth
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Encomienda
A system that Spain established under which the first settlers had the right to force Native Americans as laborers and had authority over conquested Indian lands

system which allowed for forced labor of natives -- replaced with the repartimiento system in 1550
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Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Demographic disaster; transatlantic flow of goods and ppl called __: plants, germs, and cultures thrown together,

Disease caused death of about 80 mil- greatest loss of life in history
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Bartolome de las Casas
First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico.

He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation.

His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

published account of Indian decimation "History of the Indies"

Denounced Spain

Narrated "strange cruelties"

Believed Spain had right to rule but Indians should enjoy all guarantees of liberty and justice

Suggested importing slaves would protect Indians

Translated, spread quickly Black Legend, thus Spain as brutal and exploitive colonizer provided justification for other powers to challenge Spain

Was largely because of him the New Laws were established, commanding Indians no longer be enslaved
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Pueblo Revolt
An uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in New Mexico.

Spain established capital of New Mexico at Santa Fe, first permanent Eu settlement in the Southwest in 1610;

New Mexico's population small and vulnerable, Indians' labor exploited

Inquisition (persecution of non catholics) became more intense in Spain

French used intimidation and violence to convert Indians

Pope drove Spanish in uprise and brought back Indians' traditional autonomy

Spanish surprisingly was common language

Century of colonization destroyed in a few wks

Most complete victory for Native Americans over Eu and only wholesale expulsion of settlers in the history of North America

However cooperation of Indians evaporated by end of 1680
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Peter Stuyvesant
The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. Declined the Flushing Remonstrance

the Dutch commitment to freedom did not include public worship in non-established churches (everything tolerated as long as no public worship);

he denied religious freedom to people in colony
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Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Most epic naval turnaround in history. Spain's large ships could not land troops on English shores. Swifter English and Dutch ships outmaneuvered Spain.

the belief that Catholic Spain was England's moral enemy was reinforced when this happened
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Indentured Servants
Those who voluntarily surrendered freedom for 5-7 yrs in exchange for passage to North America

2/3 came as __

Looked forward to freedom but did not have rights

High death rate, found New World worse than imagined
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Anglo-Powhatan Wars
Three wars fought between settlers of the Virginia Colony and Algonquin Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy in the early seventeenth century;

First war fought in 1614, ended with peace settlement by the marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe;

Second war: Uprising of 1622:

Became clear English wanted to establish permanent expanding colony;

Powhatan's brother and successor Opechancanough led surprise attack that wiped out a quarter of settler population

Survivors massacred Indians

Shifted balance of power

English forced treaty on Indians for them to move to tribal reservations

Third war: After twelve years of peace followed before another __ began on April 18, 1644, as the remnants of the Powhatan Confederacy under Opechancanough tried once again to drive out the settlers from the Virginia Colony.
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Headright System
Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

awarding land to anyone who paid for his or another's passage
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House of Burgesses
Virginia Company issued "charter of grants and liberties" which replaced governor, and this was a part of it;

first elected assembly in colonial America in 1619
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Mayflower Compact
1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

41 adult men agreed to obey "just and equal laws" enacted by representatives of own choosing

the first written frame of government which is now the US

common men signed too
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Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

larger and more successful

wanted to stay in church, just wanted to purify it, believed the Church was too Catholic

strict religious laws

created Massachusetts Bay
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John Winthrop
Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

explained Puritan conception of freedom in speech to Massachusetts legislature 1645

"natural liberty": acting without restraint, a liberty to do evil (false idea of freedom adopted by bad Christians)"

moral liberty": a liberty to that only which is good, had severe restraints and depended on subjection to authority

the elect had right to establish churches and govern society
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Roger Williams
clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636

first sustained criticism of existing order, advocated for religious toleration

insisted congregations withdraw from Church of England and church and state be separated

law abiding citizens could practice whatever religion

aimed to strengthen religion, did not embrace gov, and denied that god had singled out any group of favorites to spread faith

he and followers banished and started colony of Rhode Island (haven for dissenters, protestants who belonged to denominations other than established church) in 1636
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Anne Hutchinson
A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

held meetings in home and led religious discussions

agreed that salvation was gift to elect that could not be earned but stated all ministers in guilty for faulty preaching saying saints were distinguished by behavior instead of inner grace

denounced for Antinomianism, trialed for sedition

debated ably but violated doctrine when she stated god spoke directly to her

showed how Puritan belief in individual interpretation of bible could easily lead to criticism

many yrs till religious tolerance would come
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Maryland Toleration Act
1649

ensured religious freedoms to Christian settlers of different denominations who settled in Massachusetts

first law in North America requiring religious tolerance for Christians
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Mercantilism
the policy sought to gain wealth for the nation by acquiring gold and expanding trade

gov should regulate econ activity to promote national power, trade should be controlled

exports exceed imports

the role of colonies: produce raw materials and import manufactured goods, serve the mother country (Britain)

foreign trade (commerce) basis of empire
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Navigation Acts
British regulations designed to protect British shipping from competition. Said that British colonies could only import goods if they were shipped on British-owned vessels and at least 3/4 of the crew of the ship were British.

passed by parliament to wrest control of world trade from Dutch -1651

"Enumerated goods": certain goods (most valuable produce such as tobacco and sugar) had to be shipped to be sold in English ports

imported goods had to be shipped from England, where custom duties were paid

gov got added income from taxes, people benefited from profit, colonies profited since ships considered English rise of shipbuilding industry
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William Penn
a Quaker who founded Pennsylvania, a refuge for other Quakers

last English colony in 17th century: Pennsylvania

in 1681, proprietor __ envisioned religious freedom and harmony between English and Indians

largely responsible for frame of gov: West Jersey Concessions which created elected assembly that established religious liberty

considered colony "holy experiment" like Puritans but free, governed by Quaker principals (equality)

to Quakers, liberty was universal entitlement, were first to repudiate slavery of white treated Indians with respect (essential since Quakers were unarmed pacifists) -most fundamental principal: religious freedom

Quakers had strict code of personal morality

foundation of society: virtuous citizenry

__ established council and assembly, majority of male population able to vote -attracted lots of immigrants

however, freedom for colonists would soon conflict with indian policy
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Society of Friends (Quakers)
Religious group in England and America whose members believed all persons possessed the "inner light" or spirit of God; they were early proponents of abolition of slavery and equal rights for women.

William Penn was a member
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Nathaniel Bacon
leader of an armed rebellion held by Virginia settlers

led by __ in 1676, against Colonial Governor William Berkeley, after Berkeley refused Bacon's request to drive Native Americans out of Virginia

Governor William Berkeley rewarded circle of tobacco planters w/ best land, forced freed servants to move/work in frontier

poverty levels rose and only landowners could vote

Berkeley remained peaceful with Indians, refused to allow white settlement in Indian areas, angered colonists

settlers demanded authorize removal of Indians to allow whites to get more land, Berkeley refused, and massacres grew into rebellion

conflict within Virginia elite

Berkeley vs.__ (wealthy planter who disliked Berkeley's friends) and landless men/ previous servants

__ became ruler of Virginia until warships from England restored order

Effects — frightened ruling elite, who dramatically improved image and consolidated power, adopted more aggressive Indian policy and shifted to slaves
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Olaudah Equiano
sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography
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Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

middle leg in triangular trading routes

disease, crammed, harrowing experience

only small portion went to mainland North America, most went to Brazil and Indies (high death rates)
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Stono Rebellion
The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period.

1739 in South Carolina

uprising was crushed and the participants executed

during War of Jenkins' Ear, Eng vs Spain

South C slaves seized weapons from store marched towards Florida, killing whites and burning houses, shouting "liberty", running away
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Salutary Neglect
Britain's unofficial policy, initiated by prime minister Robert Walpole, to relax the enforcement of strict regulations, particularly trade laws, imposed on the American colonies late in the seventeenth and early in the eighteenth centuries.

impact — made colonies accustomed to self-government
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John Peter Zenger
his trial was most famous colonial court case involving freedom of press

1735

accused governor by newspaper

jailed for "seditious libel"

his attorney urged to judge governor

found not guilty

sent warning that libel cases were hard to win

demonstrated that idea of free expression was becoming ingrained in popular imagination
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Enlightenment
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason.

many educated Americans were influenced by European Enlightenment movement

French- Britain

scientific method

everything judged before bar of reason

Benjamin Franklin (Poor Richard Almanack, lightning is form of electricity, establishing newspaper) exemplified this spirit hoped "reason" could govern human life
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Great Awakening
ministers worried that westward expansion, Enlightenment rationalism, commercial development, disengagement in church undermined religious devotion

were local events united by emotional and personal Christianity

began in 1730s

resurgence of religious fundamentalism

transatlantic

sparked by Whitefield's preaching

Jonathan Edwards representative

Impact: changed religious configuration of colonies and enlarged boundaries of liberty

emergence of Dissenting churches

new churches proliferated

congregations split into Old Lights & New Lights

defended religious freedom as a natural right a gov must not restrict

inspired criticism

critique of commercial society/entertainment on Sabbath, even attacked slavery,

brought many slaves into Christian fold, imp in their acculturation as African Americans

encouraged colonialists to trust own views, think independently altho its original aim was spiritual salvation
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Jonathan Edwards
Preacher during the First Great Awakening;

"Sinners in the hands of angry god"

preached very intensely emotionally
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George Whitefield
sparked the Great Awakening, leader of the "New Lights."

brought highly emotional brand of preaching

tens of thousands listened, helping establish revivals as first major intercolonial event in American history

"evangelists", bearers of good news, held revivalist meetings (his followers, and this alarmed established ministers)
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Father Junipero Serra
Spanish Roman Catholic priest and missionary of the Franciscan Order

credited with establishing the Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

later founded a mission in Baja California and the first nine of 21 Spanish missions in California from San Diego to San Francisco

Canonized by Pope Francis"

Apostle of California"

Has been condemned by critics, who cite alleged mandatory conversions to Catholicism and abuse of the Native American convert
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Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War
(1754-1763) War in colonies between English and French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. English won.

first of the century's imperial wars to begin in the colonies

first to result in decisive victory for one side

18th century, Britain emerged as leading empire

struggle for dominance

for 2 yrs, war went against British

William Pitt took office in 1757, tide of battle turned with pouring in of resources

Impact:

reshaped global balance of power

France's North American empire ended, entire continent east of Mississippi in British hands

great war costs → help spark French Revolution, make British increase taxes

lay the foundation for distinct Native American identity -- NAs originally did not have well-formed ideas abt nation and race

violence against NAs made them envision "Pan-Indian" identity more broadly, though many rejected

abrupt departure of French disrupted balance of power → Iroquois unable to maintain autonomy

treaty of paris left NAs dependent on Britain
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Pontiac's Rebellion
1763: Indians of Ohio Valley and Great Lakes launched revolution against British rule

in response to the disruption of power, land, peace, etc. brought on by 7 yrs war

inspired greatly by teachings of religious prophet Neolin, who encouraged independence from British, rejection of Eu technology, and returning to traditional clothing

neolin also utilized “Pan-Indian” identity -- shared sense of native american identity among all Indians due to shared conflict w/ europeans
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Proclamation of 1763
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains & banned sales of Indian land to private individuals

wanted to stabilize region but instead caused enrage of settlers, who ignored the policy

e.g. George Washington bought Indian land secretly made relations worse
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Benjamin Franklin
Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father.

Prominent figure during the Enlightenment

Author of Poor Richard's Almanack

Drafted the Albany Plan of Union at the start of the Seven Years’ War

President of Pennsylvania Abolition Society
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Albany Plan of Union
Plan to place the British North American colonies under a more centralized government.

drafted by Benjamin Franklin

1754

envisioned creation of grand council composed of delegates from each colony

plan rejected by colonial assembly
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Phillis Wheatley
1773, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral

the first American slave, the first person of African descent, and only the third colonial American woman to have her work published (in london)

emancipated by her enslavers shortly after the publication of her book

Praised by washington and Hammon
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Ninth Amendment
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Which means all the rights not listed in the Constitution belong to the people, not the government. The rights of the people are not limited to just the rights listed in the Constitution.
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Tenth Amendment
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

any power not specifically given to the federal government by the Constitution belongs to the States and the people
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Thomas Jefferson
3rd president of the US from 1801 to 1809; second vice president under John Adams and the first secretary of state under Washington

principal author of the Declaration of Independence

During the American Revolution, represented VA in the Continental Congress

He and Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party; With Madison, he anonymously wrote the provocative Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which sought to strengthen states' rights by nullifying the federal Alien and Sedition Acts.

His inauguration was conciliatory towards opponents

"entangling alliances" with none

hoped to dismantle federalist system

reduced gov employees and abolished taxes except for tariff

ensured US would not become centralized model like Hamilton envisioned

Louisiana purchase; The Barbary Wars; The Embargo act; signed Non-intercourse act

Believed national bank unconstitutional, __-hamilton bargain

believed that individuals were shaped by social conditions and no group was permanently inferior, but in case of black ppl, thought nature permanently deprived them (Notes on the state of Virginia)
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Strict vs Loose Interpretation
__ states that the Federal government can do what is good for the country even if the Constitution doesn't explicitly allow it, but the __ states that the Federal government can only do what the Constitution says it can do.
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Neutrality Proclamation
a formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington on April 22, 1793, that declared the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain
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Washington's Farewell Address
a letter written by Washington as a valedictory to "friends and fellow-citizens" after 20 years of public service to the United States; drafted by Hamilton and published in news, defended administration and advised to avoid permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world
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Convention of 1800
also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine

signed in 1800

re-established Franco-American relations, and ultimately facilitated the 1803 Louisiana Purchase

Ended quasi-war between france and the US
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John Marshall
A strong Federalist, established court's power to review laws

first landmark decision 1803, Marbury vs Madison

Madison, Jefferson's secretary of state, refused to issue commissions to "midnight judges" appointed by Adam, four sued offices, including William Marbury

__ declared Judiciary Act of 1789: unconstitutional for courts to order/force executive officials to deliver judge's commissions

believed strongly in supremacy of federal government, in 1832 Worcester v. Georgia, said Indian nations were distinct ppl with right to maintain separate political identity, must be dealt with federal gov

Johnson v. M'Intosh: private citizens could not purchase lands from Native Americans as the facts were recited by Chief Justice __

McCulloch vs Maryland which declared the bank a legitimate exercise of congressional authority, directly contradicting "strict constructionist" views
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King George III
he assumed the throne in 1760, and saw the colonists' purpose as enriching the mother country; longest reigning and living king in British history; famous for being mean to and losing American colonies and going mad (had mental illnesses); early in his reign Britain won seven year's war
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Stamp Act
all printed material must carry stamps

first attempt to raise money directly from colonies, not using trade

offended all, esp intellectuals, nearly opposed by all political leaders

challenged authority of local elites who had already established power

opposition to this act was the first great drama of the revolutionary era and the first major split between colonists and great Britain over the meaning of freedom

the Stamp Act Congress, delegates from the colonies, met in 1765- still affirmed allegiance to crown (most still believed better off with Britain), but agreed that taxation essential to freedom

led to first major cooperative action between colonies: boycott of British goods until act was repealed

sons of liberty and crowds protested

repealed in 1766, however led to Declaratory act (saying Britain still had right to tax colonies bruhh)
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Committees of Correspondence
emergency provisional governments set up in the 13 American colonies in response to British policies leading up to the Revolutionary War; spread news, organized resistance; one in Boston was set up before stamp act and communicated with other colonies for opposition
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Sons/Daughters of Liberty
basically American colonists who supported the patriot cause, they tended to be a bit violent sometimes
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Admiralty Courts
courts that exercised maritime jurisdiction and heard civil cases related to maritime law

accused smugglers could be judged w/o jury trial in __
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Boston Massacre
1770

royal troops stationed in Boston after 1768 riots

fight escalated into an armed confrontation that led to 5 Bostonians dead

Crispus Attucks was one who died

John Adams defended soldiers, didn't want tension

Paul Revere produced inaccurate and widely circulated print against the British
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Crispus Attucks
casualty in Boston massacre

parents were slaves, he ran away

promoted as example of a Black citizen and a patriot, hero who stood up and died defending his freedom and rights
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John Adams
second president of US and founding father, defended British in Boston Massacre, thought lower-class crowd actions were dangerous method of opposing British
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Samuel Adams
very radical, one of Boston's most prominent revolutionary leaders, had ability to harness popular resentment in a productive manner, second cousin to John Adams, actively involved in revolution
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Boston Tea Party
many insisted to pay the tax on large new body of imports would acknowledge Britain's right to tax, developed resistance

this particular event was a cumulation of the Tea Act

Protesters, some disguised as American Indians, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company.

The demonstrators (sons of liberty) boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into the Boston Harbor, the British government considered the protest an act of treason and responded harshly

East India company lost millions
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"Intolerable" or "Coercive" Acts
acts passed in response to the Boston Tea Party

Lord North declared must demonstrate authority in colonies

closed Boston ports to all trade until tea was payed for

authorized governor to appoint members instead of election + restricted town meetings, curtailing Massachusetts Charter of 1691

lodged soldiers in private homes without consent

seen as direct threat to political freedom
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First Continental Congress
convened in Virginia (brought tgt leaders of all except Georgia) to coordinate resistance to the Intolerable Acts

Richard Henry Lee- "give me liberty, or give me death!"

endorsed Suffolk Resolves and adopted Continental Association, which halted almost all trade with B and west indies

authorized Committees of Safety to take action against "enemies of liberty"

began transferring effective political power from established gov to grassroots bodies reflecting will of ppl; 7k men serving on local committees by 1775, and many who heretofore had little role exercised political power, enforced it even at NY assembly's refusal
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Lexington and Concord
force of British soldiers marched here to seize arms, riders including Revere warned local leaders, militiamen resisted, "shot heard around the world" fired here
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Second Continental Congress
convened in 1775, authorized Continental army, paid, and appointed George Washington; Britain closed all ports and dispatched thousands of troops in response, war broke out between Massachusetts and Britain
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Olive Branch Petition
Final effort of the Second Continental Congress to persuade King George III of England to respond to the concerns of the American Colonists and to settle their differences amicably.
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Lord Dunmore's Proclamation/Ethiopian Regiment
Promised freedom to any indentured servants, enslaved African Americans, or others held in bondage by American revolutionaries as long as they were willing to bear arms for British troops.
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Thomas Paine, Common Sense
attack on hereditary rule and monarchy

drew on colonists' experiences- independence benefits

outline historical importance beyond practical considerations

ideas were not original, but language was a new style that was clear and direct and aimed at large public sphere

one of the most successful and influential pamphlets in history
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"Declaration of Independence"
two days after declared US an independent nation this document was approved

slave clause deleted at Georgia and SC insistence

mainly colonial grievances

preamble, "unalienable rights"- rights so rooted in human nature they cannot be taken away

assertion of the right to revolution

changed the meaning of American freedom; shifted from the rights of Englishmen to the rights of mankind, liberty became universal entitlement

individual self-fulfillment

distinctive definition of nationality was born, "American exceptionalism"- the US is a model, a symbol of freedom- occupied central place
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George Washington
Led Continental Army; Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States
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Battle of Saratoga
summer of 1777

second British army led by general John Burgoyne was unintentionally abandoned by Howe

Americans forced Burgoyne to surrender in Oct, 1777 in this battle, boosted American morale

some call this turning point of war, it helped persuade french that American victory was possible
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Valley Forge
there was no fighting in winter, and Washington's army camped here, half went home, half of people left were recent immigrants and African Americans
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Baron von Steuben
Former Prussian military officer, Congress appointed him as a Major General and the Inspector General of the Continental Army. He promptly formed a model company of soldiers and trained them to march, use the bayonet, and execute orders quickly on the battlefield at Valley forge.
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Battle of Yorktown
Cornwallis (british commander in the south who suffered heavy losses encamped here), Washington rushed forces here and Cornwallis surrendered; more frenchmen than Americans fought in this decisive battle
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Treaty of Paris, 1783
John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay achieved one of the greatest diplomatic triumphs in US history

territorial gains: entire land between Canada and Florida east of Mississippi and right to fish in Atlantic waters off Canada

loyalists' property restored, not suffer persecution

US became first independent nation in western hemisphere
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Abigail Adams, "Remember the Ladies"
she accepted that women's responsibility was mainly to family, but rejected absolute power of men

John Adams thought this was affront of natural order, but to many else it was essence of liberty
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"Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom"
in Virginia, 1786

eliminated religious requirements for voting/ holding office, gave religious freedom

listed later in his three accomplishments (U of Virginia, Declaration)

became model for revolutionary generation's definition of "rights", reinforced beacon of liberty justification

separation of church and state drew sharp line between public authority and private realm

witnessed proliferation of religious denominations, well established churches were challenged
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Lemuel Haynes
black member of MA militia and celebrated minister, urged "extend" of concept of freedom
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Republican Motherhood
ideology that emerged as a result of independence: women played critical role by training future citizens

encouraged expansion of educational opportunities for women

reinforced trend towards "companionate marriage", a voluntary union held tgt by affection and mutual dependency instead of male authority

structure of family life altered:

after independence, slaves remained "members" of family in south

in north more modern definition took hold, hired workers not part of family
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Articles of Confederation
1777, first written constitution of US

sought to balance the need for national coordination, sooth widespread fear of centralized political power

less a blueprint for gov than for mutual defense

thirteen states had individual independence; one house congress, each state single vote, no president, no judiciary

required nine states approval for major decisions

only powers were that essential to the struggle of independence, to declare war etc; had no financial power, revenue came mainly from contributions by states

accomplishments: establishing national control over land west of states and devising rules for settlement

original royal charters granted territory all the way to Pacific, states claimed lots of western land, only when land rich states ceded land for national unity- Articles won ratification
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
called for eventual establishment of from three to five states north of Ohio and east of Mississippi

basic principal of "empire of liberty" (by Jefferson) was enacted- would admit area's population as equal members of political system

territorial expansion and self government would go tgt

pledged that land of Indians would be respected, but national policy assumed Indian presence would soon disappear through treaties and stuff

prohibited slavery in old northwest, but owners brought slaves, claiming they had voluntarily signed labor contracts
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Shays' Rebellion
1786-87, debt ridden farmers closed courts in MA to prevent seizure of land for failure to pay taxes, used liberty tress and poles as symbol

named after daniel shays, leader and veteran in war of independence

governor James Bowdoin dispatched army and rebels dispersed

Jefferson (in Paris) refused to be alarmed, but this was cumulation of events in 1780s that persuaded influential group of Americans that national gov must be strengthened so it could develop uniform eco polices and protect property owners
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Virginia Plan
Madison presented this in the beginning, meant creation of two house legislature with a state's population determining representation in each
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New Jersey Plan
supported by smaller states, each state one vote
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Connecticut Plan
also called The Great Compromise—two house congress with a senate (each state two members, elected by state legislators, 6 yr term) and a house of representatives (every 2 yrs, directly by ppl) according to population
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Checks and balances
system that prevents any branch from dominating the other two, = Separation of powers
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Three-fifths Compromise
compromise agreement between delegates from the Northern and the Southern states at the Constitutional Convention (1787) that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives
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The Federalist Papers
Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay composed series of essays that were published under the name Publius and were gathered as this book in 1788

wanted to gain support for Constitution and get the 9 needed colonies to vote for its ratification
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James Madison
fourth president of the United States, hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights, leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution and leading federalist
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Bill of Rights
first ten amendments

Madison believed redundant or pointless, would prove ineffective (true during Red Scare and Mccarthy Era)

Madison presented them, became bill, ratified by states in 1791

keep and bear arms (second); prohibited arrest without warrants and right to trial by jury etc

reflected changes brought by revolution: constitutional recognition of religious freedom; constitution has no references to god

aroused little enthusiasm on ratification and was ignored for decades until twentieth century
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First Amendment
freedom of speech, religion, assemble, petition; most important amendment
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Necessary and Proper Clause
enables Congress to pass special laws to require other departments of the government to prosecute or adjudicate particular claims, whether asserted by the government itself or by private persons
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Treaty of Greenville
1795, ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to federal gov

bg: open warfare continued in Ohio Valley after ramification (Little Turtle vs Arthur St. Chair, costliest lost ever), but little turtle soon after was defeated

established annuity system- yearly grants of federal money to Indian tribes that institutionalized gov influence on Indian lives
91
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Alexander Hamilton
an influential interpreter and promoter of the U.S. Constitution, the founder of the Federalist Party, first secretary of the treasury and main author of economic policies of Washington administration.
92
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Jay's Treaty
agreement in 1794 between England and the U.S. by which limited trade relations were established, England agreed to give up its forts in the northwestern frontier, and a joint commission was set up to settle border disputes.

produced greatest public controversy of Washington's presidency

no concession on impressment or rights of American shipping, Britain agreed to abandon outposts on western frontier which it should have done in 1783

critics said it aligned US w/ Britain

sharpened political division, led directly to formation of organized opposition party
93
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Federalists
favored Washington, Hamilton

prosperous merchants, farmers, lawyers, established political leaders (esp outside of south)

elitist, reflecting 18th century view of society as fixed hierarchy and public office reserved for rich, able, well-born; freedom did not mean right to stand up to gov

only major party in US history to proclaim democracy and freedom dangerous in hands of common folk
94
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Republicans
Madison and Jefferson

sympathetic to French, had faith in democracy

wealthy southern farmers + ordinary farmers + urban artists

far more critical, more accepting of broad democratic participation
95
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Whiskey Rebellion
in 1794, backcountry Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against whiskey tax, invoked symbols of 1776; Washington dispatched 13k militiamen and accompanied them party of the way (only time in US that president commanded army in field), rebels didn't resist

heightened federalist fears that American Revolution’s “sprit if liberty” would result in anarchy
96
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Judith Sargent Murray
american editions of english work of Wollstoncraft advocating for education and employment appeared, increasing women, such as __, wrote about these ideas

__ wrote essays for the Massachusetts Magazine under name of "the gleaner"
97
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XYZ Affair
1797, American diplomats went to Paris to make new treaty, but demanded bribes by french, and made this public

bg: US Stayed neutral in French VS Britain war in order to trade with both countries, but American ships were seized

Negotiation for treaty to replace alliance between US and France

Led to quasi war between US and France, Adams negotiates peace in 1800 (Convention of 1800 AKA treaty of mortefontaine)
98
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Alien and Sedition Acts
__ act allowed deportation of ppl from abroad deemed dangerous by federal authorities

__ act authorized prosecution of any public assembly or publication critical of gov, opposition could be jailed
99
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Virginia(Madison) and Kentucky(Jefferson) Resolutions
Madison and Jefferson mobilized opposition to sedition act

attacked Sedition Act as unconstitutional violation of first amendment

original version of J's __ said states could unilaterally prevent enforcement of such laws - but deleted

no other states endorsed, many terrified of endangering union

"crisis of freedom" of 1790s strongly reinforced idea of "freedom of discussion"
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Revolution of 1800
"Jefferson and liberty" became republican slogan, developed effective techniques to mobilize voters; federalists viewed politics only for elite men and found this hard to match, but still dominated N Eng and supported in Middle Atlantic states

J saw success as vindication of American freedom, thus the name

J won against Burr

constitutional crisis: Hamilton intervened in tie situation, supported Jefferson, developed twelfth amendment requiring electors to cast separate votes for president and vp

demonstrated majority believed people should play part in politics, federalists never resisted results, imp precedent of peaceful transfer