PSYCH 105 Module 9&10

Stigma

The perception that a certain attribute makes a person unacceptably different from others, leading to prejudice and discrimination against them.

4 Ds of Psychological Disorders

Deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger

DSM-5

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) uses a lifespan development organization scheme to classify psychological disorders into 19 major areas.

Medical Student's Disease

A strong tendency to relate personally to, and to find in oneself, the symptoms of any disease or disorder described in a textbook.

DSM-5 Criteria for Schizophrenia

2 or more of the following are present: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviour, negative symptoms.

DSM-5 Criteria for Bipolar Disorder

A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal directed activity or energy. During the same period, 3 or more of the following are present: inflated self-esteem and grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, more talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking, flight of ideas, distractibility, excessive involvement in activities that have high potential for painful consequences.

Depressive Disorder Symptoms

Sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, experience changes in appetite, difficulty concentrating, irritable.

Major Depressive Disorder

Very severe symptoms that last without remission for at least 2 weeks, affects ~15% of the population.

Persistent Depressive Disorders (Dysthymia)

For adults to be diagnosed with the disorder, they must experience a depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, for two or more years; affects 2-3% of the population.

Anxiety Disorders

Most common psychological disorders in US/Canada. Involves excessive anxiety and worry that is difficult to control. Associated with 3 or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating/mind goes blank, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance.

Obsessions

Recurrent or unwanted and intrusive thoughts, fears, urges, or images.

Compulsions

Behaviours in response to an obsession.

DSM-5 Criteria for OCD

Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both. Obsessive symptoms could be: recurrent or persistent thoughts, urges, and/or images that cause marked anxiety or distress. Compulsive symptoms could be: repetitive behaviours or mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, behaviours/mental acts are aimed at preventing some dreaded event or situation.

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

Disorders arising from the body which are unconscious attempt.

Conscious Attempt

Divided into: primary gain (chief goal is internal) --> factitious disorder and secondary gain (chief goal is external) --> malingering.

Dissociative Disorder Symptoms

Positive: feeling of separation or dislocation from one's body or the world. Negative: loss of memory or mental function, identity, or emotion.

Addiction

A disorder of the brain reward system characterised by compulsive and repetitive engagement in activities associated with immediate pleasure, even when long term outcomes are negative.

Case Formulation

An explanation of an individual's mental disorder that is informed by factors such as developmental history, relationship status, physical health, and cultural background.

Clinical Judgement

Mental health professionals' use of previous professional experiences to inform clinical decision making.

Debilitating Condition

A disorder that seriously affects an individual's ability to carry on with regular activities in their life.

Deinstitutionalization

A movement to reduce admissions to psychiatric hospitals, shorten lengths of stay, and improve treatment that admitted individuals received.

Dissociation

Mental processes that involve a disruption in individual's memory, identity, emotion, perception, and behaviour.

Dysphoria

A state of unease and dissatisfaction with life.

Encopresis

An elimination disorder diagnosed in children 5 or older marked by repeated defecation in inappropriate places.

Enuresis

An elimination disorder diagnosed in children 5 or older marked by repeated urination in inappropriate places.

Heterogenous Clinical Syndrome

A psychiatric diagnosis that can be made based on several different symptoms which may or may not overlap from person to person.

Impulse-Control

The ability to resist urges, temptation, and impulses to engage in behaviours that may bring harm to self or others.

Manifestation

The display, show, or demonstration of symptoms of a psychological disorder.

Negative Symptoms

Behaviours typically observed in healthy individuals that an individual experiencing psychosis does not do.

Positive Symptoms

Behaviours that were not present before the onset of the psychotic disorder.

Social Withdrawal

Avoidance of people and/or activities that were once enjoyable.

Societal Pressures

Social expectations that influence how individuals behave and respond to their environment.

Somatic

Refers to something that is specifically related to the body and not the mind.

Spectrum

A continuum used to classify the level of impairment of a psychological mind.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

A form of therapy that involves embracing and accepting one's thoughts and feelings instead of immediately trying to change them.

Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA)

The goal of this type of therapy is to reduce inappropriate behaviours and increase effective communication, adaptive learning, and appropriate social behaviours.

Atypical Antipsychotics

A group of second generation antipsychotic drugs used to treat psychotic disorders. They act on both dopamine and serotonin in the brain.

Barbiturates

A group of drugs that causes sedation and induces sleep, historically prescribed for anxiety disorders.

Behaviour Modification

The process of changing problematic behaviour.

Benzodiazepines

A group of drugs primarily used for treating anxiety by enhancing the effect of GABA. These drugs are known for being fast-acting and also highly addictive.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

A model of therapy asserting that thoughts and perceptions influence feelings and behaviours.

Cognitive Distortions

Patterns of negative automatic thoughts that can become pervasive and contribute to psychological disorders.

Cognitive Restructuring

A therapeutic process in which patients learn to identify their cognitive distortions, dispute negative thoughts, and develop alternate positive/rational thoughts.

Cognitive Therapy

A form of therapy that treats psychological disorders by teaching thought-management techniques to dispel negative thinking patterns.

Cognitive Triad

Beck's cognitive triad represents an individual's belief system about the self, the world, and the future that can make them more or less susceptible to depression.

Contingency Management

A form of behaviour modification which includes the use of tangible rewards to reinforce appropriate behaviours.

Couple's Therapy

A treatment option that involves a couple meeting with a therapist to help resolve difficulties within their relationship.

Effectiveness

The ability for research to produce desired outcomes based on research applied in real-world settings and populations.

Efficacy

The ability for research to produce desired outcomes based on research protocols that are strictly controlled.

Extinction

Occurs when a stimulus no longer produces a conditioned response.

Extrapyramidal Symptom

Serious side-effects of antipsychotic medications that include physical rigidity and or other involuntary body movements.

Family Therapy

A treatment option that seeks to address interpersonal difficulties within the family unit.

Fear Hierarchy

A therapeutic chart on which anxiety-provoking stimuli are ranked from 1-100 (least to most fear inducing) in order to help the client systemically face the source of the fear.

First-Line Treatment

The initial, preferred, or best attempt at treating a psychological disorder.

Flooding

A therapeutic technique in which a client is exposed to an anxiety-provoking stimulus and not allowed to escape until they are able to relax.

Free Association

A technique of psychoanalysis in which a client is encouraged to freely share thoughts, words, and anything else that comes to mind in order to gain insight into their unconscious thoughts, behaviours, and motivations.

Group Therapy

A treatment option in which a therapist works at once with several individuals.

Humanistic Therapy

A therapeutic modality that focusses on the client's individual characteristics with a primary goal of helping them develop a stronger, healthier sense of identity to better understand the meaning of life.

Ideal Self

A self-perception consisting of how we think we should be based on external sources such as parents and society.

Imaginal Exposure

A therapeutic exercise that involves the client imagining the source of trauma or anxiety in a safe environment . The goal of imaginal exposure is to ultimately reduce the subjective level of distress experienced.

Institutionalization

Separating individuals with mental illness from the rest of society, usually in a hospital or similarly restricted environment.

Mood Stabilizer

Medications that treat and prevent highs (mania) and lows (depression) that may be seen in disorders such as bipolar disorder.

Non-Directive

A therapeutic style in which the therapist allows the client to lead the sessions

Paradoxical Effect

An effect of medication causing the opposite effect to which would normally be expected.

Person-Centred Therapy

A therapeutic modality that focusses on the patient's own role in their treatment.

Pharmacotherapy

Involves the prescription and management of medications. Psychopharmacotherapy refers to the administration of psychiatric medications to treat mental health disorders.

Prefrontal Lobotomy

A psychosurgical procedure developed to treat severe cases of psychosis. The procedure severs the connections between the prefrontal lobe and the rest of the brain.

Psychiatrist

A medical doctor who is trained to assess and treat psychological disorders. They often prescribe and manage psychiatric medications.

Psychoanalysis

A form of psychotherapy coined by Sigmund Freud that seeks to help clients gain more insight into their unconscious thoughts, behaviours, and motivations.

Psychologist

A doctoral-level professional who is trained to assess and treat psychological disorders. They often provide psychotherapy, but do not typically prescribe medications.

Psychosurgery

An operation in which psychological disorders are addressed using surgical procedures, typically performed by a neurosurgeon.

Psychotherapy

Treatment of mental health disorders by psychological rather than medical means; this often includes "talk therapy."

Rapport

Describes an individual's comfort and willingness to engage with his or her therapist.

Real Self

A self-perception constituted by how we view ourselves, our capabilities, and characteristics.

Resistance

Describe a client's unwillingness to engage or cooperate in psychoanalysis.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)

The most commonly prescribed antidepressant which works by making more serotonin available in the synapse.

Self-Actualising Tendency

In humanistic therapy, this is known as humans' natural inclination to reach their full potential.

Self-Management Techniques

A set of techniques teaching people to self-record, monitor, and change their own behaviour via reinforcement contingencies.

Spontaneous Remission

Improvement of mental health without any formal treatment intervention.

Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS)

A rating system for assigning distress to anxiety-provoking stimuli. SUDS ratings are often used with a fear hierarchy.

Systematic Desensitization

A treatment which aims to replace the anxious response to a stimulus with a relaxation response.

Therapy

A specific treatment that is intended to help manage a psychological disorder.

Thought Record

A tool that allows clients to keep track of their thoughts and recognize patterns that may lead to mental health concerns.

Token Economy

A principle of behaviour therapy that uses objects or symbols that are earned in response to a desired behaviour; the tokens can then be exchanged for some larger reinforcer or reward.

Transference

Occurs when a patient expresses feelings for another person to the therapist.

Treatment-Resistant

Describes psychological disorders that have not responded to multiple trials of medications.

Trepanation

A no longer practiced process of drilling holes into an individual's skull in order to release demons that were thought to be causing mental illness.

Typical Antipsychotics

The first generation of antipsychotic drugs first developed in the 1950s used to treat psychotic disorders. They function by reducing the amount of dopamine activity in the brain.

Pseudoparkinsonism Symptoms

Stooped posture, shuffling gait, rigidity, bradykinesia, tremours at rest, pill-rolling motion of hands

Bradykinesia

Slowness of movement and speed.

Akathisia Symptoms

Restless, trouble standing still, paces the floor, feet in constant motion (rocking back and forth).

Acute Dystonia Symptoms

Facial grimacing, involuntary upward eye movement, muscle spasms of the tongue, face, neck, and back, laryngeal spasms.

Tardive Dyskinesia Symptoms

Protrusion and rolling of the tongue, sucking and smacking of the lips, chewing motion, facial dyskinesia, involuntary movements of the body and extremities.

Dyskinesia

Involuntary, erratic, and writhing movements.

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI)

A group of antidepressant drugs that inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase which allows for some neurotransmitters to remain in the synapse longer. These are prescribed as a last resort for depression due to their dangerous food and drug interactions.

Tricyclic Antidepressants

The first widely accepted medications for treating depression and inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Chlorpromazine

The first antipsychotic drug which was used to treat schizophrenia by blocking or slowing the use of dopamine in the brain.

typical antipsychotic

Haloperidol is an example of a(n)...

atypical antipsychotic

Clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, and aripiprazole are examples of...

Electroconvulsive Therapy

The use of electrical currents delivered to the brain to induce seizures as treatment for treatment-resistant depression and schizophrenia.