Mammalogy Exam 1

What are the shared morphological features of Metatheria?

Has a pouch, saltatorial locomotion, two kinds of feet

What are the two types of feet of metatheria?

Non-syndactyous and syndactyouls

What are Zoogeographic realms?

Neartic, Paleartic, Neotropical, Afrotropic, Indo-Malayan, Australasian, Oceanic, Antarctic

Which realm has the most mammal families?

Neotropical, 56 families

Which realm has the most endemic mammal families?

Neotropical, 29 endemic species

Which realm has NO endemic mammal families?

Neartic, Paleartic, Oceanic, Antarctic

What is Oviparous?

egg laying

What are the shared features among monotremes?

Beak-like rostrum, adults are toothless, oviparous, and have a cloaca

What is a Tachyglossidae?

Porcupine

What are the morphological features of a Tchyglossidae?

Thick body of spines, long protrusible, able to dig

What are the morphological features of a platypus?

Semi-aquatic, webbed feet, eyes and ears covered by skin folds, rostrum flattened, males have venom

Non-syndactyous and syndactyouls

Separated feet, fused together

What is saltatorial locomotion?

Hopping

Which marsupial orders are non-syndactylous, polyprotodont?

Dasyuromorphia (carnivore) and Notoryctemorphia (mole)

Which marsupial orders are Syndactylous, Diprotodont?

Diprotodontia (wombat, koala, etc.)

Which marsupial orders are Syndactylous, Polyprotodont?

Peramelemorphia (bandicoots and Bilbies)

Which realm has NO terrestrial mammal families?

Antarctic

Monotremata has how many species?

5 species

What is a cloaca?

exit for digestion

What is a Ornithorhynchidae?

Platypus

What are the 3 orders of South American Metatherians?

Didelphimorphia, Paucituberculata, Microbiotheria

What are the traits of the order Didelphimorphia?

The tail is usually prehensile, the marsupium is present or absent, the braincase is long and narrow, prominent sagittal crest

What are the morphological features of Dasyuromorphia?

Carnivores, small pointed incisors, large and sharp canines, diverse in habitat and body size

What are the morphological features of Notoryctemorphia?

Marsupial moles, Ears lack pinnae, Cornified skin on nose, enlarged claws for digging

What are the morphological features of Peramelemorphia?

Bandicoots, marsupium present, only marsupial to have a chorioallantoic placenta

What are the morphological features of Diprotodontia?

Syndactyly, Diprotodonty

What are the morphological features of Phascolarctidae?

Koalas, fairly sedentary, arboreal herbivore, microbial fermentation in caecum

What are the morphological features of Macropodidae?

Marsupium opens anteriorly, broad diastema, Saltatorial locomotion, tail is used for balance, special digestive system for microbial fermentation

Which 2 clades comprise the Boreoeutheria?

Laurasiatheria and Euarchontoglires

What's the difference between metatherians and eutherians?

Metherian mode of reproduction is more ancestral, cerebral cortex develops more rapidly in eutherians, behavioral plasticity is greater in eutherians

What's the difference between metatherians and eutherians (pt 2)

Antipredator behavior is highly developed in eutherians, low diploid number of chromosomes in metatherians, the extended gestation period of eutherians, metatherians have little connection between metabolic rate and reproduction

What are the morphological features of Eulioptyphla hedgehogs?

Covered in sharp spines, resistant to snake venom, hibernation in some species.

What are the morphological features of Eulioptyphla shrews?

Terrestrial, semi-aquatic, some venomous, insectivorous, no zygomatic arch

What are the morphological features of Eulioptyphla solenodons?

large, omnivorous, nocturnal, long slender snout, incomplete zygomatic arch

What are the morphological features of Eulioptyphla moles?

Terrestrial, semi fossorial, semiaquatic, small eyes, sense prey with Eimers organs on snout

What are the general members of the 2 major clades of carnivores?

Feliformia (cats) and Caniformia (wolves, dogs)

What are the morphological features of Feliformia and Carnivorans?

Large braincase, large sagittal crest and zygomatic arch, rooted teeth large auditory bullae, limbs long, clavicle absent

What are the morphological features of Phocidae (seals)

large, blubber, external genitalia, torpedo-shaped, forelimbs flipper-like, small external ears, only distal limbs, rudimentary tail

What are the morphological features of family Manidae?

teeth absent, skull conical, long, recurved claws, diet mostly termites and ants, scales made of hair (keratin), long tongue

What/where is the plagiopatagium?

Area from the body to the 5th digit

What/where is the Chiropatagium?

Between 5th digit and wing tip

What/where is the Propatagium?

Shoulder to the wrist

What/where is the Uropatagium?

Between legs

In what way are a bats flight and breathing related?

Wingbeats must be coordinated with breathing

What is the function of a cambered asymmetrical wing profile?

unequal pressures above and below wing generate lift

What is the angle of attack?

angle of the bats path

How is the camber of the wing controlled?

Muscle controls the curvature of the wing in flight

what is the function of the shoulder lock?

shoulder locks against the scapula at the top of the upstroke, transferring responsibility for this stroke to the muscle

What muscles control the upstroke in bats?

Deltoideus and trapezius groups, supraspinatus and infraspinatus

What muscles control the downstroke in bats?

subscapularis, serratus ventralis thoracis, pectoralis

What muscles control the upstroke and downstroke in birds?

supracoracoideus raises the wing and the pectoralis powers the downstroke

How do the muscles of a birds strokes differ from a bats?

The birds stroke muscles both originate from the sternum while in bats only the pectoralis originates from the sternum

What is the function mechanism of automatic flexion and the extension of the wrist?

flexion of the elbow joint moves the origins of the extensor muscles towards the wrist, the origin of one flexor muscle away from the wrist

What kind of wing loading and aspect ratio do bats have?

bats have relatively low wing loading, and low aspect ration wings

How do some bats hover?

downstroke oriented forward and upstroke directed backwards

What are the anatomical structures associated with sound production and reception?

The larynx and complex nose

How does the premaxilla vary among families?

in some families, it is well-developed, some lack the palatal branches, and some are just tiny and threadlike

What are the three living families of perissodactyls?

Equidae, Tapiridae, Rhinocerotidae

Mesaxonic

odd-toed feet, middle digit is larger

Unguligrade

walk on tips of toes, deer

Adaptations which increase stride length

longer legs, loss or reduction of clavicle, flexion and extension of spine

Adaptations which increase stride rate

increase the number of moveable joints in limb, muscles positioned near body

Cheeks

Large, complex cheek teeth in most

Which perissodactyl family has a primarily neotropical distribution, a prehensile nose, and horns

Rhinos

What are rhino horns made of?

keratin

Which mammals are included in the order Cetaritodactyla?

Artiodactyls

Cameildamorpha

Camels, alpacas, llamas

Suinamorpha

Pig and peccaries

Ruminantia

The ruminants, the majority of modern artiodactyl species

What kind of foot structure do Artiodactyl species have?

Paraxonic (even-toed)

What kind of foot posture do Artiodactyl have?

Unguligrade, walk on tips of toes

Ankle joints in artiodactyl

Astragalus with "double-trochlea"

Teeth- Pigs and peccaries

large, tusk-like canines, typically omnivorous, some have bunodont molars

Teeth- Other Artiodactyl

Hypsodont (high-crowned) molars in grazers, Bunodont (low-crowned) teeth in browsers

Teeth- Canines

large in males of some groups

Which families have lost their upper incisors?

Bovidae, Cervidae, and Giraffidae

Horns

Usually paired, never branched, never shed, females MAY bear horns, used for defense and sparring, covered by keratin

Antlers

Arise from the base of the frontals, entirely bony, antler growth under hormonal control

Camels

Shorthorns covered with fur, horns never shed, horns on both sexes

What adaptations do ruminantia have for their herbivorous diet?

Multichambered stomachs

What are the basic characteristics of family hippopotamidae?

huge head, short limbs, massive body, enlarged tuck-like incisors and canines

What is baleen?

Keratin plates used for straining food from seawater

What are the 4 feeding strategies of whales?

Grazing near surface, lunge feeding, bubble nets and ploughing

What are Odontocetes?

toothed whales, porpoises and dolphins

What is the function of the melon?

sound focuse

What is the function of the phonic lips?

Produce clicks

How are cetaceans able to produce sounds and heat the reflected sound at the same time?

They receive auditory signals through the hollow lower jaw

What kind of teeth do cetaceans have?

Homodont teeth

What are the aquatic adaptations of cetaceans?

Nearly hairless, thick layer of blubber, fusiform body, testes remain abdominal

Where are the nares (nostrils) located in cetaceans?

Posterior

What are the adaptations for breathing in cetaceans?

Must breathe air, able to alternate between breathing and not breathing, rapid rates of gas exchange in lungs, twice the number of red blood cells

What are the locomotor adaptations in cetaceans?

Tailstock store and release elastic energy, larger body mass increases speed. drag reduced on body surfaces

Which orders make up the Euarchonta?

Primates, dermoptera and scandentia

Which orders make up the Glires?

Lagomorpha and Rodentia

What kind of locomotion defines members of the family Cynocephalidae?

Unable to stand upright, can glide

What are the unique characteristics of the skull of members of the order Scandentia?

Upper incisors are caniniform, lower incisors form a tooth comb, prominent hole in Zygomatic arch

What are the basic characteristics of order primates?

Grasping hands and feet, digits with nails, generalized skeleton, long tail, enlarged orbits, postorbital bar

What characteristics define suborder Strepsirrhini?

Snout-like nose, prominent whiskers, forward-facing eyes, long tails, toothcomb, grooming claw, wooly fur

What are the unique characteristics of family Daubentoniidae?

Enlarged incisors, digits are clawed (3rd digit on every hand), hallux opposable,

What characteristics define suborder Haplorrhini?

Flattened faces, forward-facing eyes, larger brains and body size, postorbital enclosure