2 study

what does connective tissue do for the body

insulates, binds, supports, transport substances

how many classes are there of connective tissue?

4

what are the 4 classes of connective tissue?

CT Proper, blood, bone, cartilage

tissues are made up of what 3 things?

cells, protein fibers, ground substance

does connective tissue proper have more protein fibers or ground substance in it?

has more protein fibers in it

what does ground substance rely on

protein fibers

what is the ECM

a protein sugar mesh

why do the matrix support cells

so they can bear weight, withstand tension, and endure abuse

blood vessels are highly found in

bone

is cartilage avascular or vascular

avascular

what is collagen

strongest and most abundant, and has high tensile strength

what are elastic fibers

network of thin long fibers

what are reticular

short branching collagen fibers

what are BLASTS?

immature cells

what do blasts do

makes tissue

what are CYTES

mature cells

what do cytes do

maintains tissue

fibroblasts deal with

connective tissue proper

chondroblasts deal with

cartilage

osteoblasts deal with

bone

what do fat cells do

store nutrients

what do white blood cells do

defend

what do masts deal with

inflammatory

what do macrophages deal with

eating the cells

what are tissues

groups of similar cells that perform common or related function

what is histology

the study of tissues

what does epithelial tissue do

cover

what does connective tissue do

support

what does muscle tissue do

move

what does nervous tissue do

control

what is fixed tissue

tissue is being preserved with a solvent

what is sectioned tissue

tissue that is cut into slices then enough to transmit light or electrons

what is stained tissue

tissue that is enhanced in contrast, although artifacts detract from what the sample looks like in living tissues

what are artifacts

distortions

what are some examples of stained tissue

light microscopy using colored dyes, and electron microscopy using heavy metal coatings

what are the 2 main forms of epithelia

covering/lining, and glandular

what is glandular epithelia

secretory tissue in glands

what’s an example of glandular epithelia

salivary glands

what is an example of covering/lining epithelia

skin

are covering/lining epithelia on external or internal surfaces

they are on both surfaces

what are the main functions of the epithelia

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception

how many characteristics does epithelia tissue have

5

what are the characteristics of epithelia

polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascular, but innervated, and regeneration

what is the apical surface

upper free side, is exposed to surface or cavity

what do some apical surfaces have

specialized fingerlike projections called microvilli

what is the Basal surface

lower attached side, faces inward toward body

what does the basal surface do

Attaches to basal lamina

what is a basal lamina

an adhesive sheet that holds basal surface of epithelial cells to underlying cells

what do both basal and apical surfaces differ in

structure and function

what are specialized contacts

points that bind adjacent epithelial cells together

what do the lateral contacts include

tight junctions and desmosomes

what does the basement membrane do

Made up of basal and reticular lamina

Reinforces epithelial sheet

Resists stretching and tearing

Defines epithelial boundary

what is reticular lamina

deep to basal lamina and consist of network of collagen fibers

what type of tissue is all epithelia supported by

connective tissue

what’s different ab a cancerous epithelial cell?

they are not contained by the basement membrane boundary like other cells, They penetrate the boundary and invade underlying tissues, resulting in spread of cancer

are blood vessels found in epithelia

no

where does epithelia get its nutrients

connective tissue

does epithelia have high or low regenerative capacities

high

what damages the epithelial cells

some cells are exposed to friction

what do the epithelial cells need to do after they have been damaged

must replace itself

what is required for cellular regeneration

requires adequate nutrients and cell division

what is cell regeneration stimulated by

loss of apical-basal polarity and broken lateral contacts

simple epithelia

single layer thick

stratified epithelia

two or more layers thick

squamous

flattened and scale like

cuboidal

box like, cubes

columnar

tall, column like

in stratified epithelia, how is it named

according to the shape of the apical layer

endothelium

lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart

mesothelium

serous membranes in the ventral body cavity

where Is simple squamous epithelium found

kidney and lungs

what is happening in the simple squamous epithelia

Cells are flattened laterally, and cytoplasm is sparse

what does simple epithelia generally do

Involved in absorption, secretion, or filtration processes

what is happening in the simple cuboidal epithelium

Single layer of cells

Involved in secretion and absorption

Forms walls of smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules

what is happening in the simple columnar epithelium

Single layer of tall, closely packed cells, Some cells have microvilli, and some have cilia, Some layers contain mucus-secreting goblet cells

what is the simple columnar epithelium involved in

absorption and secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances

what does ciliated cells move

mucus

where is Simple columnar epithelium found

digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands, bronchi, and uterine tubes

what is happening in the pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

Cells vary in height and appear to be multilayered and stratified, but tissue is in fact single-layered simple epithelium

what does pseudo mean

false

are the cells in the Pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated?

yes

where is the Pseudostratified columnar epithelium involved in

Involved in secretion, particularly of mucus, and also in movement of mucus via ciliary sweeping action

what is the Pseudostratified columnar epithelium found in

Located mostly in upper respiratory tract, ducts of large glands, and tubules in testes

where is keratinized cells found in

dry skin

non keratinized cells are found in

moist linings

where is Stratified squamous epithelium found

Located in areas of high wear and tear (skin)

what is stratified squamous epithelium

Most widespread of stratified epithelia

Free surface is squamous, with deeper cuboidal or columnar layers

what is Stratified epithelial tissues

involve two or more layers of cells

New cells regenerate from below

what do the basal cells do in the stratified epithelia tissue

divide and migrate towards the surface

why is stratified epithelia more durable than simple epithelia

bc protection is the major role

where is Stratified cuboidal epithelium found

some sweat glands and mammary glands

describe Stratified cuboidal epithelium

rare, typically only 2 cell layers thick

the apical layers of the Stratified columnar epithelium is what shape

columnar

describe Stratified columnar epithelium

Also very limited distribution in body, Usually occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia

where is Stratified columnar epithelium found

Small amounts found in pharynx, in male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts

where is Transitional epithelium found

bladder, ureters, and urethra

basal layers of the Transitional epithelium are what

cuboidal or columnar

describe Transitional epithelium

forms lining of hollow urinary organs, Ability of cells to change shape when stretched allows for increased flow of urine and, in the case of bladder, more storage space

define gland

One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion

what are the glandular epithelia classified by

site of product release