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what does connective tissue do for the body
insulates, binds, supports, transport substances
how many classes are there of connective tissue?
4
what are the 4 classes of connective tissue?
CT Proper, blood, bone, cartilage
tissues are made up of what 3 things?
cells, protein fibers, ground substance
does connective tissue proper have more protein fibers or ground substance in it?
has more protein fibers in it
what does ground substance rely on
protein fibers
what is the ECM
a protein sugar mesh
why do the matrix support cells
so they can bear weight, withstand tension, and endure abuse
blood vessels are highly found in
bone
is cartilage avascular or vascular
avascular
what is collagen
strongest and most abundant, and has high tensile strength
what are elastic fibers
network of thin long fibers
what are reticular
short branching collagen fibers
what are BLASTS?
immature cells
what do blasts do
makes tissue
what are CYTES
mature cells
what do cytes do
maintains tissue
fibroblasts deal with
connective tissue proper
chondroblasts deal with
cartilage
osteoblasts deal with
bone
what do fat cells do
store nutrients
what do white blood cells do
defend
what do masts deal with
inflammatory
what do macrophages deal with
eating the cells
what are tissues
groups of similar cells that perform common or related function
what is histology
the study of tissues
what does epithelial tissue do
cover
what does connective tissue do
support
what does muscle tissue do
move
what does nervous tissue do
control
what is fixed tissue
tissue is being preserved with a solvent
what is sectioned tissue
tissue that is cut into slices then enough to transmit light or electrons
what is stained tissue
tissue that is enhanced in contrast, although artifacts detract from what the sample looks like in living tissues
what are artifacts
distortions
what are some examples of stained tissue
light microscopy using colored dyes, and electron microscopy using heavy metal coatings
what are the 2 main forms of epithelia
covering/lining, and glandular
what is glandular epithelia
secretory tissue in glands
what’s an example of glandular epithelia
salivary glands
what is an example of covering/lining epithelia
skin
are covering/lining epithelia on external or internal surfaces
they are on both surfaces
what are the main functions of the epithelia
protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception
how many characteristics does epithelia tissue have
5
what are the characteristics of epithelia
polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascular, but innervated, and regeneration
what is the apical surface
upper free side, is exposed to surface or cavity
what do some apical surfaces have
specialized fingerlike projections called microvilli
what is the Basal surface
lower attached side, faces inward toward body
what does the basal surface do
Attaches to basal lamina
what is a basal lamina
an adhesive sheet that holds basal surface of epithelial cells to underlying cells
what do both basal and apical surfaces differ in
structure and function
what are specialized contacts
points that bind adjacent epithelial cells together
what do the lateral contacts include
tight junctions and desmosomes
what does the basement membrane do
Made up of basal and reticular lamina
Reinforces epithelial sheet
Resists stretching and tearing
Defines epithelial boundary
what is reticular lamina
deep to basal lamina and consist of network of collagen fibers
what type of tissue is all epithelia supported by
connective tissue
what’s different ab a cancerous epithelial cell?
they are not contained by the basement membrane boundary like other cells, They penetrate the boundary and invade underlying tissues, resulting in spread of cancer
are blood vessels found in epithelia
no
where does epithelia get its nutrients
connective tissue
does epithelia have high or low regenerative capacities
high
what damages the epithelial cells
some cells are exposed to friction
what do the epithelial cells need to do after they have been damaged
must replace itself
what is required for cellular regeneration
requires adequate nutrients and cell division
what is cell regeneration stimulated by
loss of apical-basal polarity and broken lateral contacts
simple epithelia
single layer thick
stratified epithelia
two or more layers thick
squamous
flattened and scale like
cuboidal
box like, cubes
columnar
tall, column like
in stratified epithelia, how is it named
according to the shape of the apical layer
endothelium
lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart
mesothelium
serous membranes in the ventral body cavity
where Is simple squamous epithelium found
kidney and lungs
what is happening in the simple squamous epithelia
Cells are flattened laterally, and cytoplasm is sparse
what does simple epithelia generally do
Involved in absorption, secretion, or filtration processes
what is happening in the simple cuboidal epithelium
Single layer of cells
Involved in secretion and absorption
Forms walls of smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules
what is happening in the simple columnar epithelium
Single layer of tall, closely packed cells, Some cells have microvilli, and some have cilia, Some layers contain mucus-secreting goblet cells
what is the simple columnar epithelium involved in
absorption and secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
what does ciliated cells move
mucus
where is Simple columnar epithelium found
digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands, bronchi, and uterine tubes
what is happening in the pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
Cells vary in height and appear to be multilayered and stratified, but tissue is in fact single-layered simple epithelium
what does pseudo mean
false
are the cells in the Pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated?
yes
where is the Pseudostratified columnar epithelium involved in
Involved in secretion, particularly of mucus, and also in movement of mucus via ciliary sweeping action
what is the Pseudostratified columnar epithelium found in
Located mostly in upper respiratory tract, ducts of large glands, and tubules in testes
where is keratinized cells found in
dry skin
non keratinized cells are found in
moist linings
where is Stratified squamous epithelium found
Located in areas of high wear and tear (skin)
what is stratified squamous epithelium
Most widespread of stratified epithelia
Free surface is squamous, with deeper cuboidal or columnar layers
what is Stratified epithelial tissues
involve two or more layers of cells
New cells regenerate from below
what do the basal cells do in the stratified epithelia tissue
divide and migrate towards the surface
why is stratified epithelia more durable than simple epithelia
bc protection is the major role
where is Stratified cuboidal epithelium found
some sweat glands and mammary glands
describe Stratified cuboidal epithelium
rare, typically only 2 cell layers thick
the apical layers of the Stratified columnar epithelium is what shape
columnar
describe Stratified columnar epithelium
Also very limited distribution in body, Usually occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia
where is Stratified columnar epithelium found
Small amounts found in pharynx, in male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
where is Transitional epithelium found
bladder, ureters, and urethra
basal layers of the Transitional epithelium are what
cuboidal or columnar
describe Transitional epithelium
forms lining of hollow urinary organs, Ability of cells to change shape when stretched allows for increased flow of urine and, in the case of bladder, more storage space
define gland
One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion
what are the glandular epithelia classified by
site of product release
