human anatomy lecture quiz #8

what are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

S.A.I.L( sartorius-lateral, adductor longus-medial, inguinal ligament)

where does inguinal ligament attach?

pubic tubercle and ASISwhy on skeleton

why know the femoral triangle? functions of inguinal ligament?

makes up the S.A.I.L boundaries, external oplicte

what “contents” is the femoral triangle holding?

femoral nerve, femoral artery, and femoral vein

name the vessel before and after it crosses the inguinal ligament?

external iliac artery crosses femoral artery.

external iliac artery- brings blood to the thighs and legs, once you cross the ligament its the femoral artery

what happens if the testicles do not descend, can not produce sperm? what is the name for this?

cripdoanim

What is the inguinal ligament hold in?

your intestine and digestive system

do woman get this type of hernia?

yes, but rare

what type of hernia do woman get?

femoral hernia

where does the great saphenous vein pass through

an opening in the fascia lata called the saphenous opening

what veins might go bad creating spider veins

great saphenous vein

why know the saphenous vein?

intestines can go through the saphenous opening

what is the first thing available in the femoral triangle?

femoral nerve

why know that it branches?

because blood needs to go to the quads and leg too

what is the sheath that encases both the femoral vein and artery?

femoral sheath

what if you need to access the right side of heart?

go through the femoral vien

femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein is found of what side?

lateral side

femoral vein

the vein flattens, the vein is more thin walled

where does the saphenous vein come into?

the femoral vein

why know the femoral artery?

major blood supply to lower limbs, medial circumflex femoral artery, circumflex come together tree hugger

deep femoral=

adductors, hamstrings, quadriceps

popliteal=

genicular=knee, anterior tibial=ant. leg muscles, further branches to feet, posterior tibial= flexor muscles, plantar arch, branches to toes

how long to bleed out if you cut your femoral artery?

around 3.5 minutes

what is 1 unit of blood in mililitres?

550 ml

the average adult has about how many pints of blood?

10 pints or 5 quarts

loss of ____ of blood is often fatal

40%

during a fight/flight response the cardiac output could?

be more than doubled

pulse points in lower limbs?

femoral pulse. popliteal pulse, posterior tibial pulse, dorsalis pulse

femoral artery will access which side of heart?

the left side

what does the femoral artery become?

popliteal artery

what is the main blood supply for the weight bearing dome of the femoral head

the medial femoral circumflex artery(lateral epiphyseal artery)

how does it get to the back of the knee?

sartorius provides a roof for the subsartorial canal

why know the iliopsoas m.? what makes it unique?

origin for vertebra T12-l4, the lumbar region, insertion- lesser trochanter

importance of psoas?

kip flexors include it and the iliacus muscles, less lower back pain, imbalances/ pain in hips and back

what causes tight psos muscles?

sitting too much, tension on back

what can result from overly tight psoas muscles?

sway back, lumbar lordosis, thoracic hyphosis, forward head,

what do these muscles have in common?

point of origin

why know them? clinical significance?

groin pull adductor muscle strain

sartorius muscle meaning?

a long, narrow muscle, running obliquely across the front of each thigh from the hipbone to the inside pf the leg below the knee

function of sartorius? How?

flexes and laterally rotates the hip joint and flexes the knee

antagonist to sartorius?

Gracilis- action flexes the knee, adducts the thigh, and helps to medially rotate the tibia on the femur

tensor fasciae latae, what does it do?

flexes an adducts hip ( moves the thigh forward and outward) rotating the thoughts inward, supports the knee

will the iliotibial tract be visible when the knee is bend back?

no

are there other muscles that act on the fascia lata/it band?

yes gluteus maximus- action principal extension

what does contraction speed tell you?

muscle fiber type

how are skeletal muscle fibers categorized?

speed of contraction, primary mode of ATP production

speed of contraction-

fast- twitch fibers and slow-twitch fibers

primary mode of ATP production-

glycolytic fibers vs. oxidative fibers

what determines speed of fiber?

dependent on rate of myosin atpase activity

ATP hydrolysis=

rate limiting step of cycle . higher rate-faster crossbridge cycling

fast fibers-

myosin with fast ATPase activity

slow fibers-

myosin with slow ATPase activity

comparison of fast and slow fiber contractions?

fast fibers contract two to three times faster than slow fiber, fast fibers also relax more rapidly, rate of Ca2+ ATpase is faster, slow fiber contractions last approximately 10 times longer than fast fiber

muscle fibers can also be classified based on?

their primary mode of ATP production

what are the two types

primarily oxidative phosphorylation, anaerobic glycolysis

oxidative fibers

many maitochondria( why?)bc their work though it, small diameter(why?) weaker, but power is long term, resistant to fatigue

myoglobin(red) (function? why is it necessary?)

stores, binds pigment, oxygen

glycolytic fibers-

fewer mitochondria(why?) not needed, many glycolytic enzymes, high glycogen stores(why?) independent from the bloodstream, relatively little myoglobin(why?) pink color, use little oxygen, large diameter, quick to fatigue

how can you tell the difference between oxidative and glycolytic fibers?

dark is oxidative, lighter is glycolytic

three skeletal muscle fiber types?

slow oxidative(red slow-twitch), fast glycolytic(white fast-twitch, fast oxidative (intermediate fast-twitch

slow oxidative fibers also called?

slow twitch

what makes slow oxidative fibers slow?

low myosin ATPase activity, high oxidative capacity-aerobic(how?) mitochondria rich blood supply, myoglobin( red color)

what does small diameter in regards to function mean for slow twitch? why is this needed again?

little tension, small diffusion barrier, fatigue slowly

fast glycolytic fibers also called?

white fast twitch

fast glycolytic fibers-

high myosin ATPase activity, high glycolytic capacity, high glycogen stores, many glycolytic enzymes, no myoglobin(white), large diameter 2x, can produce greater tension(why?) cross fibers, fatigue rapidly

fast oxidative fibers

High myosin ATPase activity, High oxidative capacity—aerobic, Myoglobin, Slow to fatigue, but more rapid and powerful than slow oxidative, Intermediate diameter

leg muscles contain white fast-twitch fibers while muscles of the arm contain red slow-twitch?

false

distributions of fiber types in a muscles-

one muscle=mixture of fiber types, proportions vary depending on function, all muscles fibers within a moter unit are of the same type

what would you predict would be the predominant fiber type?

slow-twitch or oxidative type

genetices rules

Individuals born with different ratios of slow- to fast-twitch fibers. Athletic conditioning cannot change the genetic component of ability. Training can only optimize what you have.

what is muscle fatigue?

muscles first give 100% when their contract but that can decrease over time

what are the three main causes of muscle fatigue?

build up of lactic acid, compression of blood vessels, depletion of acetylchline( neuromuscular fatigue)

name for the process that results in enlarged muscles?

adaptation

can you die from pooping too hard?

yes

is lab we reflect the skin with superficial fascia, but we stayed on top of the?

rectus sheath

hypertrophy-

increase in muscle size due to change in size of individual cells, increase in size, production of actin and myosin , not cell division

disuse atrophy-

decrease in size, lose myofibers

endurance exercises=

aerobic exercises, low to moderate intesity can be sustained

increase oxidative capacity of muscle-

more mitochondria, increase blood supply( capillaries), decrease in diameter(why) weaker

adaptation to anaerobic exercise

High intensity exercise , Cannot be sustained , Increases ability of muscle to generate more tension (strength), Increases amount actin and myosin, increases number of myofibrils, Increases diameter of muscle fiber , Increases glycolytic enzymes, Decreases oxidative capacity

How did a feud between two scientists in the late 1700s ultimately lead to the creation of Frankenstein and all battery-powered devices like your cell phone?

curiosity, animal electricity,

luigi galvani

in 1771, he discovered that the muscles of dead frogs legs twitched when struck by a spark, animal electricity

alessandro volta

did not beleive animal was the source of the lectricity, built the fist battery(voltaic pile) to prove it

aldinis gruesome experiments provided one of the inspirations for…?

Mary shelley’s Frankensteinmuscl

muscular dystrophy-

A group of familial diseases of skeletal muscle, classified by age of onset, rate of progression, muscle involvement, and inheritance pattern, Usually the result of one faulty (mutated) gene, Duchenne MD is the most common 1 in 3500 males (usually only in males), Lack of functional dystrophin gene

what does dystrophin do?

acts as a raft, its anchored, the chain is the dystrophin, the bottom of the lake is the membrane

what is the basal lamina?

extracellular matrix(ECM)- allows cell to attach to one another

what is link to ECM?

tug-of-war, protein called laminin

how does the lack of dystrophin affect the muscle fiber?

laminin provides connection, shorten, tension is applied, little holes form

why do children with muscular dystrophy stand up weird?

they walk themselves up their legs because their muscles are too weak, uses hands to push on legs to stand

contracture-

a condition of shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons or other tissue, often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints

why the need for mechanical ventilation? cause of death?

it helps them breath, cause for death is respiration failure not be able to move, bad circulation, lung infections

posterior forearm AKA?

antebrachium

antebrachium means

the part of the arm or forelimb between the branchium and the carpus

what is visible immediately after skin removal?

veins, antebrachial fasiz

analogous structure in legs?

crual fasia

removal of antebrachium exposes what?

superficial extensor muscles as well as the brachioradialis

actions?

extension, fingers palms

what keeps all the tendons nfrom bow-stringing?

extensor retinaculum(dorsal carpal ligament)

origin of extensor retinaculum

lateral epicondyle of humerus