Psych unit 12-13

vocab test- actually do this

Phobia

Fearful or anxious about specific objects or situations.

Schizophrenia

Psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and emotions.

Major depressive disorder

Depressed mood most of the day and/or diminished interest in almost all activities.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Presence of two or more distinct personality states or an experience of possession and recurrent periods of amnesia.

Dissociative Disorders

Category of mental disorder where there is a disruption of and/or discontinuity in normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior.

Agoraphobia

Fear of public spaces.

Personality disorders

Category of mental disorder with enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from expectations of individual's culture.

Psychoanalysis

Perspective of psychology that views mental disorders aas an issue dealing with unconscious wishes or conflicts.

Anxiety disorders

Category of mental disorder marked by excessive fear and anxiety and related behavioral disturbances.

Compulsions

Repetitive behaviors that an individual feels driven to perform.

Mania

A period of euphoria, excitement, delusions, and overactivity.

Abnormal Psychology

the scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning

American Psychological Association (APA)

professional organization representing psychologists in the United States

Atypical Behavior

Behavior that is different that it violates the norm.

cultural idioms of distress

terms or phrases used to describe suffering or distress within a given cultural context

cultural syndromes

disorders that include a cluster of symptoms that are found in specific cultural groups or regions

cultural relativism

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

Demonology

the study of demons or of beliefs about them

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

a reference book on mental health and brain-related conditions and disorders.

Diathesis

a vulnerability or predisposition to developing a disorder

eclectic

selecting from or made up from a variety of sources

Etiology

study of the cause of disease

lifetime prevalence

The percentage of people in a certain population who will have a given disorder at any point in their lives.

lobotomy

a surgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

maladaptive behavior

behavior that hinders a person's ability to function in work, school, relationships, or society

mental disorder

an illness of the mind that can affect the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of a person, preventing him or her from leading a happy, healthful, and productive life

mental illness

a disorder that affects a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

Mental Incompetence

a state of mental instability that leaves defendants unable to understand the legal charges and proceedings they are facing and unable to prepare an adequate defense with their attorney

Prevalence

The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

protective factors

conditions that shield individuals from the negative consequences of exposure to risk

psychosis

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

Stressors

specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well-being

behavioral model

explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology

diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

Insanity

a legal term describing one's inability to be responsible for one's action due to the condition of the mind

psychodynamic model

model that views disorders as the result of childhood trauma or anxieties and that holds that many of these childhood-based anxieties operate unconsciously

psychological model

a view in which mental disorder is seen as arising from psychological processes

adaptive behavior

Those skills or abilities that enable the individual to meet standards of personal independence and responsibility that would be expected of his or her age and social group

Awfulizing

mental exaggeration of setbacks

Comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

Depersonalization

a dissociative disorder characterized by persistent or recurrent feelings of detachment from one's mental processes or body

Derealization

situation in which the individual loses a sense of the reality of the external world

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

social anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

delirium

mental disorder marked by confusion; uncontrolled excitement; ADJ. delirious

neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

depressive disorders

general category of mood disorders in which people show extreme and persistent sadness, despair, and loss of interest in life's usual activities.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

a depressive disorder in children characterized by persistent irritability and frequent episodes of out-of-control behavior

persistent depressive disorder

a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depressive disorder

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

Eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating.

Bulimia Nervosa (BN)

An eating disorder characterized by repeated cycles of bingeing and purging.

Bulimic Cycle

binge-purge episode

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)

a disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to "relive" the event in dreams and flashbacks.

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

obsession with some perceived flaw or flaws in one's appearance

Hoarding Disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

borderline personality disorder

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

narcissistic personality disorder

characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration

paranoid personality disorder

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

bipolar 1 disorder

a type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes

bipolar 2 disorder

a disorder characterized by alternating periods of extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods

cyclothymic disorder

a disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms

Hypomania

A mild manic state in which the individual seems infectiously merry, extremely talkative, charming, and tireless.

Avolition

lack of motivation

diminished emotional expression

reduced display of observable verbal and nonverbal behaviors that communicate internal emotions

disorganized thinking

disjointed and incoherent thought processes, usually detected by what a person says

flat affect

a lack of emotional responsiveness

grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

behavior not following a logical pattern

negative symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by deficits in functioning, such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement

positive symptoms

Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas.

schizoaffective disorder

Psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and major mood disorder.

illness anxiety disorder

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

somatic symptom disorder

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

action therapies

therapies in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly

aversion therapy

treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors

behavior modification

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

behavioral therapy

focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes

Catastrophizing

Dramatically exaggerating the negative consequences of any minor event

Catharsis

a release of emotional tension

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

cognitive triad

The three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed. The triad consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future.

Congruence

Agreement, harmony, or correspondence

Countertransference

Circumstances in which a psychoanalyst develops personal feelings about a client because of perceived similarity of the client to significant people in the therapist's life.

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

empty chair technique

A role-playing intervention in which clients play conflicting parts. This typically consists of clients engaging in an imaginary dialogue between different sides of themselves.

exposure therapy

An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

flooding therapy

A behavioral treatment for phobias that involves prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus, thereby providing maximal opportunity for the conditioned fear response to be extinguished.

free association (psychoanalysis)

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Gestalt therapy

therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self

hierarchy of anxieties

start with what causes the least anxiety and working towards what causes the most fear to be able to get over fear