Biology - Unit 1 Diversity of living things

Are viruses considers living?

The are not because they lack cellular structure, cannot metabolize energy, and cannot reproduce on their own.

Virus

Non-cellular particle made up of genetic material covered by protein and invades living cells

Bacteria

No membrane bound organelle. (prokaryotes)

Strains of viruses are…

design to attack specific host organisms. Eg; Bacteriophage → bacterium

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (double strand). Codes for all proteins that the body requires.

Protein process

DNA→ mRNA = Protein

RNA

Ribonucleic acid (single strand)

Kingdoms

Archaea, Eubacteri, Protist, Planate, Animalia, Fungus

Lytic cycle

the virus introduces its genome into a host cell and initiates replication by hijacking the host's cell to make new copies of the virus.

RNA viruses

Does not interact with DNA and can only go through the lytic cycle. Made up of genetic material = RNA

Retroviruses

Made up of genetic material. Instucts host cell to use RNA to create viral DNA using an enzymes “reverse transcriptase”

Reverse transcriptase process

mRNA → DNA = Protein

Vaccines: active immunity

stimulates the body to produce antibodies against diseases. (long-term immunity)

Vaccines: passive immunity

antibodies are given from one individual to the others individual usually temporary. (breast feeding, blood transfusion)

Prokaryotes

Single-celled organism with no membrane bound organelles. (archaea & eubacteria)

Eukaryotes

Single-celled or multicellular organisms with membrane bound organelles. ( protist, fungi animilia, plantae)

Three domain systems

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Extremeophile is..

Archaea and loves extreme weathers

Different shapes

coccus, bacillus, spirilli

Shape grouping

Diplo, Staphylo, Strepto

What is gram staining

Gram staining is used to determine the cell wall composition of a bacteria

Gram positive & example

If a cell is gram-positive it is purple because it has a lot of peptidoglycan. For example eubacteria

Types of habitat for Bacteria

Thermophile → Extreme heat. Halophiles → Salty condition. Methangens →methane gas. Mesophile → Moderate conditions

Reproduction of bacteria

Asexual - Binary fission. Sexual - Conjugation, Transduction, transformation

Conjugation

DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another. After the donor cell pulls itself close to the recipient using a structure called a pilus, DNA is transferred between cells.

Transduction

the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another. ( bacteria version of lytic/lysogenic)

Transformation

Bacteria will take up DNA ( usually from the plasmid) from the surrounding environment through the cell wall

What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell.

Prokaryotic cell has a nucleolid region Eukaryotes cells do not. Eukaryotes cells contain a nucleus and Prokaryotic cell do not.

What does antibiotics do to bacteria

Antibiotics destroy peptidoglycan. They are typically used with bacteria that are gram-positive.

Bacteria nutrition

Autotrophs and heterotrophs

Autotrophs

Makes their own organic compound. (chemoautotrophs, photoautotrophs)

heterotrophs

organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic

Antibiotic resistance

Antibiotics that do not work because the have different structures

Useful bacteria

Bacteria are useful sometimes because they help your gut and overall immunity health in your body. (lactobacilli).

Bacteria take nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into the soil.

Bad bacteria

Bad bacteria are microorganisms that can cause disease. They can reproduce quickly in your body and give off poisons that can cause infection. (E. coli)

Theory of endosymbiosis

The theory of endosymbiosis is that eukaryotic cells evolved from different types of prokaryotic cells. It suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are organelles found in eukaryotic cells, were engulfed by a host cell (prokaryotes). Over time, these bacteria became mutually beneficial to the host cell, evolving into organelles and making membrane-bound organelles.

Evidence of endosymbiosis

Mitochondria and chloroplast are similar in size. They reproduce through binary fission.

Plantae

Multicellular, eukaryotic

Animalia

Multicellular, eukaryotic

Fungi

Multicellular, eukaryotic

Prostista

Multicellular, eukaryotic and unicellular

Eubacteria

unicellular, prokaryotic

Archaebacteria

unicellular, prokaryotic

Protista characteristic

Eukaryotic, Microscopic, Live in water and soil

Animal-like

Heterotrophs, Unicellular, Motile

Plant-like

Chloroplast, Photoautotrophs, Unicellular or Multicellular

Fungus-like

Heterotrophs, cell wall cellulose, saprobes

Animal-like protists

1. Zooflagellate

2. Amoeba

3. Ciliate

4. Sporozoan

Plant-like protists

1. Diatom

2. Euglena

3. Algae

Fungus-like protists

1. Slime mould

2. Water mould

3. they have cellulose in their walls

Cilia

Hair-like structure that help protist move in water and gather food

Pseudopods

Temporary projection of cytoplasm

Flagella

Whip/tail like structure

Protist reproduce by…

Animal and plant-like protist reproduce by sexual and a sexual reproduction

Parasitic protist

Parasitic protist can cause diseases when they come into contact with the human body. (Malaria, sleeping sickness dysentery)

Fungi characteristics

Eukaryotes, Cell wall-bound (chitin), Heterotrophs - (saprobes, parasitic)

Fungi parts

Mycelium, Hyphae, Fruiting body

Hyphae

Hyphae are the thread-like structures that make up the body of a fungus. They are responsible for the absorption of nutrients and the growth of the fungus.

Mycelium

The mass of hyphae together. It is responsible for the absorption of nutrients and the decomposition of organic matter.

Fungi are…

Spore bearing eukaryotes

Fungi are characterized by…

Their sexual reproduction/ structure of spore.

Spores

Reproductive cells that contain 1 set of chromosomes (haploid). Spores can produce hyphae or combine to produce 2 sets of chromosomes (diploid). They land and germinate to grow into new fungi.

Phyla of fungi

Ascomycota, Basidomycta, Chitridiomycota Glomeramycota, Zygomycota

Ascomycota

Spores in sacs. Penicillin origin

Basidomycota

Club like spores. Typical mushrooms

Chitridiomycota

Ancestral fungi. Aquatic. Spores have flagella. Parasitic or saprobic.

Glomeramycota

Plant symbiosis: Fungi provide nutrients to the plant. Fungi provide sugar, protein, and lipids from plants and trees give back mycorrhizae.

Zygomycota

Spherical-like spores. Bread mould

Fungi life cycle

Sporophyte-Diploid . Gametophyte-haploid

useful and harmful fungi

Useful: Fungi can be used to create penicillin. Harmful: Fungi can be parasitic and take nutrients form other organisms.

Plant Characteristics

Multicellular eukaryotes. Cell wall with cellulose. Chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

Viruses are non living because…

1. They are unable to reproduce or develop outside of the host cell.

2. they don't grow, and they can't make their own energy.

3. Viruses are not made out of cells

Plant life cycle is called…

Alternation of generation

Cuticle

Waterproof waxy coat on outer surfaces

Stomata

The opening for gas exchange

Vascular tissue

tube that runs up and down the plant

Xylem

Transports water and dissolves mineral water upwards from root to shoot

Phloem

Transports sugar from leaves to other parts where photosynthesis doesn’t occur

Sporophyte

Diploid plant, produces haploid spores

Gametophyte

Haploid plant, produces haploid gametes

Bryophytes

Non-vascular plants. Lack true root, stems, leaves. (moss, liverworts, hornworts)

Tracheophytes

Plants with vascular tissue to transport nutrients (made out of lignin - gives structure support)

The significance of vascular tissue development is…

Nutrients are transported. Allows plants to grow taller.

Evolutionary significance of seeds

Encasing for plant embryo which provides nutrients and prevents from drying out

Gymnosperm

Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that do not have enclosed seeds. They are characterized by having naked seeds, usually borne on cones or similar structures.(conifers)

Angiosperm

Angiosperms are flowering plants with seeds in protective ovaries. They are diverse and important for ecosystems, providing food, shelter, and oxygen. They also have economic value for food, medicine, and materials.

Angiosperm: monocot & dicot

Monocot - 1 cotyledon found in the embryo

Dicot - 2 cotyledons found in the embryo

Animalia characteristics

Heterotrophs that ingest food. Eukaryotes. Lack cell wall. Multicellular. Motile at some point.

Animalia traits

Body symmetry. Segmentation. Invertebrate vs Vertebrates. Coelom. Embryo development. Cephalization.

Protostome

A protostome is a type of animal development where the mouth is formed before the anus during embryonic development. (arthropods, mollusks, and annelids).

Deuterostome

A protostome is a type of animal development where the anus is formed first, while the second opening becomes the mouth. (chordates, echinoderms)

Coelom

Cavity that separates the gut from the body wall

How do viruses get their energy

They depend on an active living host organism

Characteristic of viruses

Classified according to genetic material (DNA,rna,retro)

Retro viruses

Goes through the lysogenic. A trigger causes it to activate and make viral protein.

HIV

Retro virus. Has RNA instead of DNA. Causes AIDS.

Covid-19

RNA virus

Immune System Response

T cells→ B cells→ antibodies

How vaccines work

Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight against specific pathogens. They contain weakened or inactivated forms of the pathogen or its components, which trigger an immune response that starts the production of antibodies and activates immune cells.