PATHO EXAM 2 PART 2 REPRODUCTIVE

ampulla

Male: A pouch that joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct in the male reproductive system. Stores semen and contributes secretions to it.
Female: The middle part of the fallopian tube where fertilization and early cleavage of the fertilized ovum occur.

mammary gland

Glands that are located in the breast that produce milk when stimulated to do so.

meatus

An opening or passageway.

orgasm

climax of sexual stimulation

candidiasis

A yeast infection caused by the common fungus Candida albicans.

condylomata acuminatum

Benign genital wart caused by the group of viruses called human papillomaviruses (HPV).

chancre

An infected ulcerative lesion often associated with sexually transmitted infections such as genital herpes.

chlamydia

sexually transmitted infection caused by chlamydia trachomatis.

genital herpes

A sexually transmitted infection that causes blisters on the genitals and in the reproductive tract. (HPV,HSV)

gonorrhea

Sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Referred to colloquially as the clap.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

One of a family of more than 70 herpesviruses; the cause of genital herpes.

human papillomavirus (HPV)

A virus that can cause benign warts, genital warts, as well as reproductive (e.g., cervical and penile) and anal cancers. There are more than 70 different types of HPVs.

hydrocele

fluid accumulation - can affect one or both testes

latent herpes genitalis

The second stage of genital herpes, which begins once the antibodies are formed.

Latent syphilis and tertiary syphilis

The final stage of syphilis. The early latency stage begins when the secondary symptoms disappear and lasts 1-4 years. The late latency stage can last for years as the infection spreads to the brain, nervous system, heart, skin, and bones. Also called tertiary syphilis.

mastitis

An inflammation of the breast tissue that can be associated with infection and lactation.

primary herpes genitalis

the first stage of genital herpes. It usually occurs within 2-10 days of exposure and is characterized by blisters or open lesions, fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes in the groin area, painful urination, and vaginal discharge.

primary syphilis

the first stage of syphilis. Painless chancres (usually one) form at the site of infection about 2-3 weeks after initial infection.

secondary syphilis

Stage of syphilis that occurs about 2-8 weeks after the first chancres form. Approximately 33% of those individuals who do not have their primary syphilis treated will develop this second stage. This stage is characterized by a generalized brown-red rash that does not itch.

prodrome

In infection with the herpes simplex virus, a tingling or burning sensation at the site just before a lesion appears.

recurrent herpes genitalis

The fourth stage of genital herpes; characterized by the reactivation of the virus and clinical manifestations.

sexually transmitted infection (STI)

A disease spread by sexual contact, including syphilis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, chlamydia, and HIV.

shedding herpes genitalis

The third stage of herpes, wherein the virus is reactivated but produces no symptoms.

syphilis

An ulcerative sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum, a spiral-shaped (spirochete) bacterium that requires a warm, moist environment to survive.

ascending testicle

A testicle that has returned to the lower abdomen and cannot easily be guided back into the scrotum.

chordee

a downward curvature of the penis, often associated with hypospadias

Cowper gland

Two pea-sized glands adjacent to the urethra that secrete an alkaline fluid into the urethra to neutralize acidity caused by urine transportation.

ejaculation

ejection of sperm and fluid from the male urethra

ejaculatory duct

Canal in the male reproductive tract formed by union of the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle.

epididymis

Structure in the male reproductive tract that stores sperm up to 6 weeks until ejaculation.

foreskin

A sheath of loose skin that covers the glans penis at birth.

penis

Part of the male external genitalia; it contains erectile tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal.

prostate gland

A chestnut-shaped gland at the base of the urethra in men; it produces fluid that mixes with the sperm and secretions of the seminal vesicles. This prostate fluid decreases acidity of the secretions, increases sperm motility, and prolongs sperm life.

scrotum

A sac of skin just below the penis that contains the testes, epididymis, and lower spermatic cords.

semen

the combination of sperm and seminal fluid

seminal vesicle

A pair of pouches that secrete an alkaline ejaculatory fluid containing sugar, protein, and prostaglandins. The seminal vesicles join with the ampulla to form the ejaculatory duct.

smegma

: An oily secretion produced by the glans that can combine with dead skin to form a cheesy substance

spermatic cord

A cordlike structure, consisting of the vas deferens and its accompanying arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, that passes from the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal down into the scrotum to the back of the testicle.

spermatogenesis

the generation of sperm

varicocele

a dilated vein in the spermatic cord

cryptorchidism

A congenital condition in which one or both testes do not descend from the abdomen to the scrotum prior to birth.

ectopic testis

Undescended testes that deviate from the path of descent.

epididymitis

An inflammation of the epididymis, the duct connecting the testes to the vas deferens.

epispadias

The urethral meatus occurring on the dorsal surface of the penis instead of the end.

hypospadias

Condition in which the urethral meatus is found on the ventral surface of the penis instead of the distal end.

erectile dysfunction (ED)

The inability to attain or maintain a penile erection sufficient to complete sexual intercourse. Also called impotence.

paraphimosis

A condition in which the foreskin is retracted and cannot be returned over the glans penis.

penile cancer

cancer of the penis
Rare
Cause unknown
Risk factors
•Smegma
•Uncircumcised
•Poor hygiene
•Phimosis
•HPV infection
Treatment
•Surgical excision
•Penectomy

phimosis

Condition that occurs when the foreskin cannot be retracted from the glans penis

priapism

A prolonged, painful erection.

prostate cancer

cancer of the prostate gland
Manifestations
◦Urinary difficulties
◦Erectile dysfunctions
◦Bloody semen
◦Hematuria
Treatment
◦Radical prostatectomy
◦Radiation
◦Orchiectomy
◦Anti-testosterone drug therapy

prostatitis

inflammation of the prostate, which can be either acute or chronic.

retractile testicle

a testicle that moves back and forth between the scrotum and the lower abdomen.

spermatocele

A sperm-containing cyst that develops between the testes and the epididymis.

testicular cancer

cancer of the testicle

testicular torsion

An abnormal rotation of the testis on the spermatic cord.

testes

male gonads; organs that produce sperm and sex hormones.

testosterone

Hormone that gives males their classic secondary sex characteristics and sex drive. Testosterone also regulates metabolism and protein anabolism, inhibits pituitary secretion of the gonadotropins, and promotes potassium excretion and renal sodium reabsorption.

vas deferens

Part of the male duct system that carries sperm out of the testes.

Anteflexed

Tilted forward. Usually used in reference to the uterus.

areola

An area of pigmentation surrounding the nipple of the breast.

areolar gland

Gland that produces secretions that protect and lubricate the nipple and areola of the breast during breastfeeding.

Bartholin gland

Glands that lie just within the labia minor and provide lubrication during sexual intercourse.

cervix

the narrow opening from the vagina to the uterus.

clitoris

Part of the vulva formed by the connection of the two labia minor. The clitoris is sensitive to stimulation and becomes filled with blood during sexual arousal.

endometrium

The inner mucosal lining of the uterine wall that undergoes hormonal changes to facilitate and maintain pregnancy.

fallopian tubes

two tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.

gestation

The support of fetal development from conception to birth by the female reproductive system.

impregnation

The fertilization of eggs.

labia majora

The two large, fatty skin folds of the external female genitalia that protect the perineum and aid in lubrication.

labia minora

Two small, firm skin folds located just inside the labia majora of the external female genitalia

lactation

The production and secretion of milk for the feeding of offspring

hymen

A thin connective tissue that covers the external vaginal opening to some degree

menstrual cycle

A series of monthly changes in females that begin at puberty and continue through the reproductive years.

Menstruation (period)

Shedding of the endometrium. It generally occurs on a regular basis (usually every 28 days) during the reproductive years of women. Also called period.

mons pubis

The pad of fat over the symphysis pubis that becomes covered with hair after puberty.

myometrium

the middle layer of the uterine wall, made up of smooth muscle and a vascular system. During pregnancy, the vascular system radically increases to support the fetus.

nipple

A pigmented projection of the breast that is surrounded by the areola.

oogenesis

The generation of eggs.

Ovaries

Paired almond-shaped organs located on each side of the uterus that produce and store eggs.
Also make hormones that control your menstrual cycle and pregnancy

ovulation

process in which a matured egg is released from the ovary

parturition

the birth of a fetus

perimetrium

The outer serous layer of the uterine wall that covers all of the fundus and part of the corpus but none of the cervix.

placenta

A vascular organ that develops during pregnancy to nourish the fetus through the umbilical cord.

prolactin

A hormone from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production.

Skene gland

Gland in the mucosal lining of the vagina that secretes a protective lubricating fluid during sexual intercourse.

uterus

A hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of the female, in which the embryo is nourished and develops before birth

vagina

A hollow tunnel-like structure that extends from the cervix to the external genitalia.

vestibule

the area of the vagina that contains the urethral and vaginal opening.

vulva

The structures of external female genitalia.

Zygote

a fertilized egg

amenorrhea

the absence of menstruation

breast cancer

malignant tumor of the breast
Manifestations:
•Asymptomatic
•Mass is hard, has uneven edges; usually painless
•Change in size, shape or feel of breast or nipple
•Nipple may have drainage which is
•Bloody
•Clear to yellow
•Green or purulent
Treatment:
•Chemo/radiation
•Surgery
•Hormone therapy
•Coping/support interventions

cervical cancer

cancer of the cervix
Manifestations:
•Asymptomatic
•Continuous vaginal discharge
•Abnormal bleeding between menstruation, after intercourse, or after menopause
•Menorrhagia
Treatment
•Electrosurgery excision
•Cryotherapy
•Laser therapy
•Chemo/radiation
•Surgery
HPV CAN CAUSE

Cystocele (prolapsed bladder)

Condition that occurs when the bladder protrudes into the anterior wall of the vagina (vaginal canal)

dysmenorrhea

painful menstruation to the extent that it impairs usual daily activities.

Ectopic (tubal) pregnancy

Pregnancy in which the zygote does not reach the uterus but rather implants outside the uterus. Usually occurs in the fallopian tubes.

endometrial cancer

Cancer of the inner lining of the uterus; a common malignancy in women.

endometriosis

Condition in which the endometrium begins growing in areas outside the uterus/uterine cavity

fibrocystic breast mass

The presence of numerous benign nodules in the breast.