Final Exam :O

One of the most common ways to get information out to a wide audience in the least amount of time regarding hot topics in science is by using

general interest news magazines or newspapers

Which one of the following is a TRUE statement?

All living things are made up of at least one cell.

According to a recent study of nearly 140,000 women who were enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative, women who breast-fed their babies had a lower risk of developing heart disease and diabetes later in life than women who did not breast-feed their babies. These research findings are an example of

correlation

Approaching new information with a questioning attitude and looking for evidence to support the claim involves

skepticism

In science, graphs are often used to display data collected from an experiment. Which one of the following is TRUE regarding a graph?

The dependent variable is plotted on the y-axis.

Which one of the following statements regarding scientific theory is FALSE?

A scientific theory is a speculation as to the possible outcome of an experiment.

Which one of the following of the following statements is FALSE?

Because scientific knowledge is empirical, it cannot be tested.

How does scientific information in peer-reviewed journals differ from that in newspapers?

Information is more technical; readers usually require a background in the field in order to understand the article.

Peer review is essential to the scientific process because

it ensures that the findings from experimentation are modified prior to publication

The graph above depicts the relative increase in autism in children from 1997 to 2007 living in California. In 2001, the additive thimerosal was removed from most childhood vaccines. Based on the information presented in the graph, what can be concluded about the hypothesis that thimerosal causes autism?

A sharp decrease in the cases of autism would be expected after 2001 if thimerosal was the causative agent of autism.

Based on the figure above, which group of organisms is most closely related to members of the Kingdom Animalia?

fungi

Which one of the following is a kingdom?

Animalia

Which one of the following experiments would be considered acceptable in our society?

Determining the response of a patient's "incurable" cancer to a newly developed cancer drug.

A student needs information from the National Institutes of Health, a government agency. Which one of the following endings should he or she look for in the Internet address?

gov

Which one of the following taxa (subgroups used in classification) applies to humans?

mammals

All of these criteria are used to classify an organism as a member of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdom EXCEPT which one?

the means by which the organism transports itself

Which one of the following sequences represents taxa arranged in order from largest, most all inclusive, to smallest?

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

The process by which living organisms maintain a fairly constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment is known as

homeostasis

Which one of the following is a CORRECT statement regarding metabolism?

Cells maintain life through the breakdown of molecules and energy by chemical and physical processes.

Which one of the following best describes the evolutionary advantage of bipedalism?

frees the hands for carrying objects

Which one of the following best describes the proper sequence of steps involved in the scientific method? a. state hypothesis

d. support or disprove hypothesis b. observe

Which one of the following is the lowest level of biological organization in which evolutionary change can occur?

cell

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding knowledge gained through scientific investigation?

The information can be used to detect problems at an early stage and correct mistakes.

Humans possess several characteristics that, when taken together, differentiate them from other organisms. These characteristics include all of the following EXCEPT which one?

the inability to maintain a constant internal body temperature

The mathematics of interpreting and organizing data is known as

statistics

The branch of science that studies living organisms and their life processes is

biology

A farmer wants to improve crop yield in his fields by testing the effectiveness of a new pesticide available on the market. Which one of the following is the best control for this experiment?

no new pesticide used on the control field; new pesticide used only on the experimental field

The validity of a prediction in the scientific method is determined by experimentation or observation.

true

The available evidence suggests that the measles vaccine may cause autism.

false

Human are only one species of many different primates that prefer to walk upright on two legs.

false

Scientific knowledge cannot prove or disprove the existence, or importance to us, of issues that fall outside of the natural world.

true

The pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine has virtually eliminated whooping cough in the United States.

false

Special-interest groups are not permitted to post information as science on the Internet unless it has undergone peer review.

false

"Blind" experiments are designed to reduce the possibility that the outcome of an experiment might be affected by the power of suggestion.

true

Plants obtain their energy directly from the sun and their raw materials from the soil, air, and water in their environment.

true

Because the natural world includes all energy and matter, it also includes all living organisms.

true

Which one of the following statements accurately describes hydrolysis reactions in biological systems?

Hydrolysis reactions enable the breakdown of food molecules during digestion.

Lipids are important to biological systems because

some lipid types are potentially large sources of energy to perform cellular work

Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the relationship between an atom and an element?

An atom is the smallest unit of an element that demonstrates all of the properties of that element.

Which one of the following is needed to synthesize a new strand of DNA?

nucleotides

\________ bonds hold the hydrogens to the oxygen within a water molecule, and \________ bonds attract one water molecule to other water molecules.

covalent, hydrogen

Molecules such as water are referred to as \________ because they are electrically neutral overall but still have partially charged regions.

polar molecules

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the structure of the atom?

Most of the mass of an atom is due to its protons and neutrons.

Which one of the following occurs when a phosphate is removed from an ATP molecule?

Energy is released for cell work.

Which one of the following is the study of matter and the energy that causes matter to combine, break apart, and recombine in everything living and nonliving?

chemistry

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding water?

Each molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen covalently bonded to each other.

Proteins that function as a catalyst

are referred to as enzymes

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom can best be determined by

atomic mass

Alpha helices and beta sheets are characteristic of protein

secondary structure

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding electrons, shells, and energy?

Electrons are located in shells around the nucleus.

A student measuring the pH of the water in a fish tank found it to have a pH of 8. Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding that solution?

The water is alkaline.

A solution with a pH of 6 has \________ times as many hydrogen ions as a solution with a pH of 8.

100

The most important physical characteristic of lipids with regard to living organisms is that they

are hydrophobic

\________ is the capacity to do work, the capacity to cause some change in matter.

energy

Isotopes of an element have the same \________, but different \________.

number of protons, numbers of neutrons

Which one of the following is an oligosaccharide?

maltose

A student has isolated a large compound (macromolecule) from cells. Chemical analysis of the compound shows that it is made up of the following elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. To which group of macromolecules does this compound most likely belong?

nucleic acid

Which one of the following characteristics applies to both living organisms and nonliving things?

composed of matter

A student has isolated a large compound (macromolecule) from cells. Chemical analysis of the compound shows that it is made up of the following elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. To which group of macromolecules does this compound most likely belong?

protein

Each of the following statements about carbon is TRUE EXCEPT which one?

Carbon can form strong hydrogen bonds with other elements.

Ions in body fluids of a human are referred to as

electrolytes

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding nucleotides?

Nucleotides are bonded together by covalent bonds between the sugars and the phosphates.

A solution has been prepared by mixing glucose in water. Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes this solution?

Water is the solvent, and glucose is the solute.

Pancreatic cells make insulin, which is a type of protein. These cells use \________ in order to synthesize insulin by the process of \________.

amino acids, dehydration synthesis

A research student is analyzing the nucleic acid of a virus. He finds that the nucleic acid contains thymine. From this it can be concluded that the nucleic acid

is a strand of DNA

Each of the following statements is TRUE regarding hydrogen bonds EXCEPT which one?

Hydrogen bonds hold the two strands of DNA together.

Which one of the following is a very important source of energy for nearly all cells?

glucose

Each amino acid is composed of a central carbon that forms covalent bonds with four other atoms/molecules. These atoms/molecules include each of the following EXCEPT which one?

an A group

Which one of the following is a lipid?

cholesterol

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding enzymes?

Each enzyme catalyzes one specific reaction or group of reactions.

DNA differs from RNA in that DNA

contains deoxyribose

Which one of the following molecules is stored in adipose tissue and serves as an important source of energy for the human body?

triglycerides

Which one of the following forms a bilayer structure that is found in cell membranes?

phospholipids

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding macromolecules?

Cells use certain macromolecules to store energy.

Which one of the following is a molecule?

N

Carbohydrates have which one of the following characteristics?

They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1-2-1.

Sucrose is an oligosaccharide made up of which one of the following sugars?

glucose and fructose

Body fluids in humans have a high buffering capacity because of

the presence of the bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system

The figure above shows a triglyceride that contains unsaturated fatty acids.

false

During intense exercise, you produce a lot of heat energy, yet your body temperature rises only in small increments. This temperature stability is because water in body fluids releases the heat vey quickly.

false

All matter is made up of atoms.

true

One of the most important buffer pairs in blood is carbonic acid and bicarbonate because they regulate the pH of blood by absorbing and releasing hydrogen ions as needed.

true

If your blood pH is lowered significantly, many proteins will not be able to fold correctly. The result will be decreased enzyme function throughout the body.

true

When water is released from a dam, potential energy is converted to chemical energy.

false

The difference between water molecules in liquid water and water molecules in ice is in the number of covalent bonds that form.

true

If the number of protons in an atom equals the number of electrons in the atom, the atom is an ion.

false

The figure above shows a triglyceride that is liquid at room temperature.

true

Potential energy is energy that has not been used yet, but has the potential to do work.

true

The more buffers present in a body fluid, the more likely that the blood pH will change after absorbing nutrients during digestion.

false

Electrons are smaller than protons, are negatively charged, and orbit the nucleus.

true

Cellular respiration is a multipathway process that converts an organic substrate into cellular energy. The majority of energy in the form of ATP is not synthesized until electrons are transferred by \________ and \________ to the electron transport pathway.

FADH2 , NADH

Which organelle is responsible for removal of other damaged organelles and cellular debris?

lysosomes

Which plasma membrane component provides mechanical strength and maintains the correct amount balance of rigidity and flexibility?

cholesterol

A student is designing an experiment to show the effects of the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. He places a highly concentrated saltwater solution into a bag that is permeable only to water. He then submerges the bag into a beaker of pure water. Which one of the following can be expected?

The net flow of water will be from the beaker into the bag, causing the contents of the bag to increase in volume.

Most eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound \________ that contains the genetic material.

nucleus

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are able to pass through the plasma membrane of a cell because

they are small and nonpolar, and readily pass between phospholipids

Cellular respiration is essential to eukaryotic cells because

the process releases energy from organic substrates

Chemical reactions that result in the synthesis or assembly of large molecules are referred to as

anabolic

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding active transport?

Active transport requires the input of energy.

During cell division, it is essential that the genetic material be distributed equally to the resulting cells. This is accomplished through the participation of which one of the following organelles?

centrioles