Ch5: Cardiovascular System

heart

receives blood from the veins and pumps blood into the arteries

card/o, cardi/o

heart (word part)

blood vessels

transport blood to and from all areas of the body

angi/o, vas/o

blood vessels (word part)

arteries

transport blood away from the heart to all parts of the body

arteri/o

arteries (word part)

capillaries

permit the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the cells

capill/o

capillaries (word part)

veins

return blood from all body parts to the heart

phleb/o, ven/o

veins (word part)

blood

brings oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away waste

hem/o, hemat/o

blood (word part)

aort/o

aorta (word part)

ather/o

plaque, fatty substance (word part)

brady-

slow (prefix)

\-crasia

a mixture or blending (suffix)

\-emia

blood, blood condition (suffix)

erythr/o

red (word part)

leuk/o

white (word part)

tachy-

fast, rapid (prefix)

thromb/o

clot (word part)

cardiovascular

means pertaining to the **heart and blood vessels**

heart

hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs

pericardium

the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart

* aka pericardial sac

parietal pericardium

fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart

visceral pericardium

the inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart

pericardial fluid

fluid found between parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

epicardium

the external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium

myocardium

the middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers

endocardium

the inner lining of the heart

* consists of epithelial tissue

coronary arteries

supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

pulmonary circulation

the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs

systemic circulation

the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

carotid arteries

the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head

arterioles

the smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries

capillaries

smallest blood vessels in teh body

pulse

the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart

blood pressure

measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

systolic pressure

BP measurement when the ventricles contract

diastolic pressure

BP measurement when the ventricles are relaxed

serum

plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed

fibrinogen and prothrombin

the clotting proteins found in plasma

neutrophils

• most common type of WBC

• role int he immune system’s defense against pathogens

basophils

• least common type of WBC

• responsible for causing the symptoms of allergies

eosinophils

• destroy parasitic organisms

• also play role in allergic responses

lymphocytes

* identify foreign substances and germs in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them

monocytes

* immunological defense against many infectious organisms

thrombocytes

smallest formed elements of the blood

* aka platelets

blood type

classified according to the presence or absence of certain antigens

cardiologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart

hematologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues

vascular surgeon

a physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels

congenital heart defects

structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth

atherosclerosis

the hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the inner walls of the arteries

plaque

fatty deposit

atheroma

a deposit of plaque on or within the arteial wall

ischemia

a condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body

angina

a condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium

myocardial infarction

the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup

cardiomegaly

the abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure

carditis

inflammation of the heart

endocarditis

an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

bacterial endocarditis

an inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

pericarditis

the inflammation of the pericardium

myocarditis

the inflammation of the myocardium

cardiomyopathy

the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle

heart murmur

an abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or neighboring large blood vessels

valvulitis

inflammation of a heart valve

valvular prolapse

the abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to completely close

valvular stenosis

a condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart

arrhythmia

the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat

asystole

the complete lack of electrical activity in the heart

* aka flatline

cardiac arrest

an event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively

sudden cardiac death

results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes

heart block

a congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles

bradycardia

an abnormally slow resting heart rate

tachycardia

an abnormally rapid resting heart rate

supraventricular tachycardia

an episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate at or above the atrioventricular node

ventricular tachycardia

a very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles

* aka V-tach

fibrillation

fast and irregular heartbeat

atrial fibrillation

rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular wall, causing an irregular and quivering action of the atria

ventricular fibrillation

rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles

palpitation

pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm

vasculitis

the inflammation of a blood vessel

polyarteritis

a form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time

temporal arteritis

a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms

* aka giant cell arteritis

angiostenosis

the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

hemangioma

a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels

hypoperfusion

a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part

aneurysm

a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery

arteriosclerosis

thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls

arteriostenosis

the abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries

chronic venous insufficiency

a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves

phlebitis

inflammation of a vein

varicose veins

abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs

thrombosis

abnormal condition of having a thrombus

thrombus

a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

thrombotic occlusion

the blocking of an artery by a thrombus

coronary thrombosis

damage to the heart muscle caused by a coronary artery

deep vein thrombosis

the condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein