Anatomy lecture

Integumentary System

* external body covering


* sweat glands, oil, skin
* protects deeps tissue from injury
* synthesizes vitamin D

Lymphatic System

* FILTERS
* houses WBC
* red bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen

Cardiovascular System

* heart and blood vessels
* transport blood

Urinary System

* KIDNEY, bladder, urethra
* regulates water
* eliminates wastes

Male Reproductive System

* prostate, penis testes
* Sperm
* offspring

Female Reproductive System

* ovaries, uterus, vagina
* offspring

skeletal system

* bone, ligaments, cartilage
* support
* BC formation
* mineral storage

Endocrine System

* Glands
* METABOLISM, hormone control, reproduction
* widespread affects

Nervous System

* brain, spinal column, nerves
* fast-acting control system
* ACTIVATES

Respiratory System

* nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi
* Filters oxygen → blood

Digestive System

* oral cavity, stomach, anus
* breaks down food

Muscular System

* muscles and tendons
* locomotion, posture, produces heats

plasma membrane

* barrier intra/extra
* passage, transport
* stabilized by cholesterol

interstitial fluid

fluid in-between tissues

passive processes

* no cellular energy
* simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Active processes

* require cellular energy (ATP)
* active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

Simple Diffusion

* movement of substances from higher concentration regions to regions of lower concentration regions
* passive
* O2, CO2

Facilitated Diffusion

* diffusion across a membrane with the help of a channel or carrier molecule
* larger molecules are unable to pass through
* passive

Osmosis

movement of water through selectively permeable membrane

Hypotonic

* lower osmotic pressure
* cell bursts
* more solute in cell than extra (blood)
* passive

Hypertonic

* higher osmotic pressure
* cell shrinks
* passive
* more solute in extra than cell

Active transport

* carrier molecules transport substances from low concentration to high. concentration
* moves against concentration gradient

Endocytosis

bringing substances into the cell

Exocytosis

removing substances from the cell

Tight Junctions

* barriers regulating water and solute movement
* looks like zipper
* keeps stomach acid inside

Desmosomes

rivets and membrane

Gap junctions

* communication junctions
* ex. the electrical message that the top of your heart send to beat

Epithelial tissue

* covering and lining
* protect, secrete, absorb
* divide and regenerate
* tightly packed cells
* avascularized

avascular

no blood flow

simple squamous

* single layer flat cells
* Where to find it?- kidneys, air sacs of lungs, blood vessels, lymph vessels
* Function?- allow passage by diffusion ex: oxygen moving through capillaries

Stratified Squamous

* thick multilayer
* active in mitosis
* Where do we find it? lining of organs ex: mouth, esophagus, vagina
* Function? protect from abrasion

Simple Columnar

* single layer tall cells
* CILIA present
* secretes mucous
* Where do we find it? digestive tract, ducts, glands
* Function? absorption, enzymes

Simple Cuboidal

* single layer cube shaped cells
* Where do we find it? kidney tubes, small glands, ducts
* Function? SECRETION

What are the four types of connective tissue?

* connective tissue proper
* cartilage
* bone
* blood

What is the function of connective tissue?

* binding and support
* protection
* insulation
* transportation
* stores energy

Connective tissue proper→ Loose connective tissue

* collagen fibers
* elastic fibers
* reticular fibers

collagen fibers

strong, flexible; parallel bundles

elastic fibers

smaller diameter, ability to stretch

reticular fibers

collagen and glycoprotein; branching network provides support

Connective tissue proper→ Loose Connective→ Areolar

* all three fiber types
* gel-like matrix
* macrophages→ moves tissue fluid (interstitial) and is the. cite of swelling because it holds fluid
* Function? wraps and cushions organs

Connective tissue proper→ Loose connective→ Adipose

* closely packed
* under skin and throughout body
* Function? reserve fuel, insulates, protect organs
* fat

Connective tissue proper→ Loose Connective→ Reticular

* network of reticular fibers
* Where to find it? lymphatic organs, bone marrow, spleen
* Function? forms soft internal skeleton and support cells

Connective tissue proper → Dense connective → Dense regular

* parallele collagen fibers
* Where to find it? tendons and ligaments
* Function? attach muscle to bone, attach bone to bone
* withstand pulling force
* pencil breaks pulling down, but not from side-to-side

Connective tissue proper → Dense connective → Dense irregular

* irregularly arranged collagen fibers
* fibroblasts
* fibrous capsule of joints
* dermis of skin
* Function? tension in many directions and structural strength

Connective tissue proper → Dense connective → Elastic

* dense regular, elastic fibers
* Where to find it? walls of arteries, vertebral column, bronchial tubes
* Function? allows tissues to recoil, passive recoil of the lungs

Connective tissue → Cartilage

• matrix-gel like

• Avascular so it does not replace itself

• gets nutrients from blood vessels in perichondrium

• chondroblast → chondrocytes

• withstand tensions and compression

What are the three types of Cartilage?

• Hyaline cartilage

• Elastic cartilage

• Fibro cartilage

What are the two types of bone?

spongy and compact

Blood

• red blood cell =erythrocytes

• white blood cells=leukocytes

• platelets= thrombocytes

• What is its function? transportation

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

• skeletal

• smooth

• cardiac

Muscle : skeletal

• long cylindrical cells

• striations

• What are the functions? voluntary manipulation, facial expressions

Muscle : Cardiac

• striated

• intercalated discs

• heart wall (peri)

Muscle : smooth

• involuntary

• not striated

Nervous tissue

• transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors

Epidermis

• Avascular

• keratinized, stratified squamous

• thickest on palms and soles of feet

• contains melanocytes

Stratum corneum

• outermost layer prevents dehydration

Stratum lucidium

Palms and feet

Stratum granulosum

• where apoptosis take place (cell death)

• alive with granules

Stratum spinosum

• thick layer that houses keratinocyte cells

Stratum basale

• deepest layer

• active mitosis (making more skin)

• melanocytes

Dermis

• innermost layer

• binds epidermis to underlying tissue

• irregular dense connective tissue

• hair follicles, blood vessels, nerve cells, muscle cells, glands

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

• loose connective tissue

• adipose tissue

• major blood vessels (path to surface)

• Anchors skin to bone and muscle

What are the glands of the skin?

• Sebaceous

• Sudoriferous

• mammary

• ceruminous

Sebaceous Gland

• connected to hair follicles

• oil glands

• prevent dehydration and bacteria growth

Sudoriferous

• sweat glands

• eccrine

• apocrine

mammary glands

• specialized sweat glands

Ceruminous glands

• secrete ear wax

• deters insects and block foreign matter

What are the functions of the skin?

• protections

• body temp regulation (sweat)

• sensation (cutaneous receptors)

• metabolism

• blood reservoir

• excretion

What are the function of Bones?

• support

• protection

• movement

• mineral storage

• Blood cell formation

• Fat storage

Diaphysis

Shaft of bones

Epiphyses

ends of bones (ends of diaphysis)

Articular Cartilage

every place we have joints

Periosteum

wraps around the bones

Medullary cavity

adipose (fat) inside of bones

Endosteum

lines inside bones (Medullary cavity)

Osteoclasts

break down bones

osteon

fundamental unit of bones

Lamella

made up of osteocytes makes bone matrix ring. and forms osteon

Central canal

for blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerve cells

Ossification (osteogensis)

process of bone tissue formation

Intramembranous Ossification

bones of skull (flat)

Endochondral Ossification

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

Interstitial growth

growth in length (puberty) epiphyseal plate

Appositional growth

growth in width (lifelong)

Fibrous joints

• dense connective tissue connect bones

• between bones in close contact

Cartilaginous joints

hyalin cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones

Synovial joints

most complex offers free movement

Synarthrotic

immovable

Amphiarthrotic

slighty moveable

Diarthrotic

freely moveable

Syndesmosis

lies between tibia and fibula (interosseous ligament) synarthrotic

Suture

synarthrotic between flat bones

Gomphosis

tooth in jawbone synarthrotic

Synchondrosis

bands of hyaline cartilage synarthrotic (epiphyseal plate)

Symphysis

pubic symphysis amphiarthrotic between bodies of adjacent vertebrae

Synovial Joints

• Articular capsule

• Articular cartilage

• Synovial membrane

• Synovial fluid

• Joint cavity

• reinforcing ligament

• Nerves and blood ligament

• Bursae (fluid sacs)

Ball and Socket

hip and shoulder

Saddle joint

between carpals and metacarpals of thumb

Gliding Joint

between carpals and tarsals

Hinge joint

elbow and between phalanges