Humanities Sem 2

the universal declaration of human rights

Established December 10 1948
First policy UN created to provide an advisory policy on human rights for all nations and organisations to refer to
Follows the ideology of equality
Dr Herbert Vere Evatt from Australia elected as the third President of the General Assembly of the UN and oversaw vote by UN countries to accept the UDHR
Article 1 of UDHR: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights
Article 2 of UDHR: Everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Article 4 of UDHR: No one shall be held in slavery r servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

trade with the makasar

16th and 17th Century Macassan fish fleet visited Arnhem Land and NW coast in search of sea cucumber
Macassan people from Indonesia
Remembered through generations of oral histories, song and dance
Adoption of Macassan workds such as
Rupiah (money)
Balanda (white person)
Jama (work)

European exploration

17th and 18th century
Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606- first of 29 dutch in 17th century
European competition for control of tradie in Asia meant lets of ships had accidental contact with Australia
1688- British William Dampier
Captain Cook 1770 and First Fleet brought first permanent European settlements in 1788

When did first fleet arrive

1788

Terra Nullius

nobody's land
dismissed complex and sophisticated economic and social systems that uphill hundreds of Indigenous nations
doctrine was upheld until 1992

Colonial Violence

between 1788 and 1900 Indigenous population was reduced by 90% due to European settlement
at least 20000 aboriginals killed because of colonial violence

3 main reasons for dramatic population decline between 1788 and 1900

introduction of new diseases
settler acquisition of land by colonisers
direct and violent conflict with the colonisers

settler acquisition of land by colonisers

expansion of British settlements resulted in competition over land and resources and quickly led to confrontation and violence

introduction of new diseases

wave of epidemic diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza. Sexual abuse and exploitation of indigenous women introduced venereal disease in epidemic proportions

direct and violent conflict with the colonisers

indigenous people were hunted and brutally murdered
Massacres took the form of mass shooting or driving groups off of cliffs or offering food laced with arsenic and poison

Pemulwuy

Pemulwuy was a courageous resistance fighter
Pemulwuy - 1790 December spared a convict gamekeeper John McIntyre
From 1972 reports of Pemulwuy lead raids on colonists

frontier wars and massacres

1788-1930's
Frontier Wars conflict between settlers and indigenous people
Colonists rarely punished however Myall Creek 10 June 1838 7 settlers tried and hanged for the murder of 28 indigenous people
In many instances, the murder of indigenous people was endorsed or sanctioned by the authorities, or seen as a sport
Conflict often broke out in response to Indigenous people spearing livestock or killing in retaliation to abduction and abuse of females

The five Selwyn Ranges massacres of February 1879

undertaken by a police magistrate and a group of stockmen in reprisal for the killing of settler Bernard Molvo and three stockmen at Wonomo Waterhole. More than 100 Aboriginal men, women and children were killed.

Protection Era (1901 to 1937)

Designed to protect but without consideration of the needs, wants and desires of the Indigenous People - no one asked them what they wanted or needed

3 types of places put aside by the government especially for aboriginal people

missions, reserves, stations

missions

created by churches and religious individuals to house Aboriginal people and convert then to Christianity and prepare them for low skilled work (domestic and farm labour)

reserves

parcels of land set aside for Aboriginal people to live on and not managed by the government or its officials

stations

managed by officials appointed by the government. They tightly controlled who lived there and when they could leave and included legal guardianship of any Aboriginal people s children. Stations provided schooling, rations and housing and also managed any wages the Aboriginal people made.

Aboriginal Protection Boards

Example: Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 (Vic). Legislation:
Provided for the government to regulate the lives of the Aboriginal people
Extreme control that allowed government to dictate many aspects of the lives of Aboriginal people
Provision for children to be forcibly removed from their homes and families

British views on race in the 19th Century

European or white people only - white superiority
Each state wanted to be able to manage who migrated to Australia
Hope that with Federation Australia could have a migration policy that support European migration only
Developed White Australia Policy - not legislation but an ideology
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples not recognised within the Constitution of the Federation therefore not citizens

When was Federation?

January 1st 1901 (states unite and form constitution)

When was the Constitution written?

British Parliament passed the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Bill in July 1900.

Assimilation meaning

Cultural assimilation is the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's majority group or assume the values, behaviors, and beliefs of another group whether fully or partially.

Assimilation Era

Approx. 1940 to 1960
Treatment of the Aboriginal people under Protection Boards was crticised
1937 agreed on absorption of the ..."natives that were not full blood"
Aboriginal people of mixed blood were to be assimilated into white society
Founded on black inferiority and white superiority
Assumption that Aboriginal people would want to become like white Australians in terms of their manner of living, customs and beliefs

assimilation policy: colour coding

Authorities believed being Aboriginal was about the colour of your skin with no consideration for language, customs, values, beliefs and lifestyle
The idea that skin colour could be bred out in 3 generations so they used inhumane manners to assess degree of aborigniality

assimilation policy: stolen children

Assimilation policies mainly targeted children as considered more adaptable to white society
Half-caste - meaning mixed race were thought to more easily assimilate because of their light skin
raised in white families

assimilation policy: schooling

Schooling was completed in English and in some schools their tradition language was forbidden. There were a few schools that were exceptions such as Ernabella School northern South Australia allowed students to read and write in their first language (Pitjantjatjara)

assimilation policy: exemption certificates

Certificates of Exemption allowed Aboriginal people to enter town, vote, send their children to the local school
Known as 'dog licence'
To hold a certificate as an Aboriginal person you had to renounce your culture, language and family who were still living on reserves and missions (no contact with extended family)

UN

Established 1945
Based off League of Nations that existed from 1919 to 1945
League of Nations on of Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points
The United Nations is a global diplomatic and political organization dedicated to international peace and stability
Only ideology is EQUALITY
Today 193 country members
Headquarters in New York City, USA
United Nations has been unsuccessful in maintain international peace has it does not have the power - only from an advisory and policy formation platform

Stolen Generation

1910 - 1970s
Mixed race children - one parent Aboriginal and one white parent
Easier to assimilate mixed race children - desire to "breed out" the Aboriginal race
Full-blooded Aboriginal children also removed from families and put into state-run institutions
Forced removal of children part of the policy of Assimilation
Generations of removed (stolen) children became know as the 'Stolen Generation'

Impact of Stolen Generation

Children taught to reject their Indigenous heritage
Forced to adopt white culture/lifestyle
Names were changed to Anglo Saxon names
Forbidden to speak traditional language - many lost their language, especially the very young
Abuse and neglect occurred in institutions (such as orphanages) and by adopting families in some cases
Ironically, the children were removed due to claims that their parents abused and/or neglected them. This was often unfounded
Trauma leading to mental health issues, addiction, incarceration (prison or juvenile detention), domestic violence, self-harm and suicide
Loss of and disruption of the Indigenous culture especially as the culture was passed on through stories and verbally from elders who the children had no contact with

Acknowledgment of the Stolen Generation

Bringing Them Home report - 1997 26 May National Sorry Day 13 February 2008 Prime Minister Kevin Rudd formally apologised to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

Bringing Them Home Report

1997
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission collated the stories of the Stolen Generations for the Commonwealth Parliament in 1997
revealed the trauma and loss felt by the many Australians who were affected by this policy. It is estimated that between 1 in 10, possibly as many as 1 in 3, Indigenous children were removed from their families and communities between 1910 and the 1970s
The report consists of 54 recommendations to redress the impacts of these polices and address the ongoing trauma
There continuous to be a gap between the health, education, social outcomes, employment and life-expectancy for First Nations people and non-Indigenous Australians

National Sorry Day

26th of May- It is especially significantly of those ATSI children who were forcibly removed from their families, communities and cultural identity to assimilate.

Day of Mourning

26 February 1938
Organised by the Aboriginal Progressive Board
Coincided with the 150th Anniversary of the landing of the first fleet of British settlers
Aboriginal Progressive Board organised their own parade to follow
Significant organised protest by Aboriginal group - over 1000 people all dressed in black to symbolise their mourning or grief
They appealed to Australia to make new laws for the education and care of Aboriginal people, full citizenship rights and representation in parliament

right to vote

Each colony could determine who had the right to vote prior to Federation
21 May 1962, the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1962 granted all Aboriginal people the option to enrol and vote in federal elections
The right to vote was not supported by information for Aboriginal people on enrolling to vote, when or where to vote. In essence, it was not made easy for all Aboriginal people to enrol and vote - especially those in remote locations
It was not until 1984 that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples were required to enrol and vote
Many Aboriginal people enrolled to vote in the 1967 Referendum but not all

US Civil Rights Movement

Freedom Rides - a series of political protests against segregation of Blacks and whites in shared buses in the American South
Freedom Rides of 1961 changed the way Americans travelled between states
May 4, 1961, the first crew of 13 Freedom Riders left Washington for New Orleans in two buses
In Alabama, local officials had given the Ku Klux Klan permission to attack the riders without consequences
May 29, 1961, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy petitioned for a removal of segregation in interstate bus travel
Three years later, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended segregation in public spaces across the United States

Australia's Freedom Rides

12th February 1965 (15 day bus journey)
29 University of Sydney students
Charles Perkins
Activism and protest against segregation
Segregation supported by laws of local councils/governments in rural NSW
Sydney to rural NSW
Significance of the Freedom Rides was starting action for change and bring awareness of the segregation and poor living conditions of the Aboriginal people

Town of Moree

Protested at local swimming pool when Charles Perkins went to take 10 Aboriginal children to the pool
Segregation laws provided specific times when Aboriginal people could use the pool after they had been thoroughly scrubbed/cleaned
Perkins and children were not allowed entry, so they blocked the pool entrance
Council revoked the by-law but reversed their decision after the Freedom Riders had left
Freedom Riders returned to a confrontation, but council agreed to allow Aboriginal people to use the pool

Town of Bowraville

Plan to protest in the Bowraville cinema where black people could only sit at the front on the floor. Purchase tickets separately from the whites and only enter the theatre after the movie had started
Bowraville people were ready for them and blocked the Freedom Riders from entering the theatre
The encounter with the local community was the most violent of all their experiences

town of Walgett

Protested outside the RSL as Aboriginal people were not able to enter RSL
No access to RSL represented the bigger problem whereby Aboriginal returned servicemen were not recognised by the military or government and did receive pensions or other support offered to white returned servicemen

1967 Referendum

The Australian Constitution sets out the laws of Australia
Referendums are the only way that you can change the Australian Constitution
The 1967 Referendum sought to change two sections of the Constitution in relation to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
90.77 per cent of Australian voters voted 'Yes' to the changes highest YES vote ever recorded
Section 51 of the Constitution gave the Commonwealth power to make laws with respect to 'people of any race, other than the Aboriginal race in any state, for whom it was deemed necessary to make special laws'
Section 127 provided that 'in reckoning the numbers of people of the Commonwealth, or of a State or other part of the Commonwealth, aboriginal natives shall not be counted'
No single moment that sparked the 1967 Referendum, more a growing swell of support for change led by a range of people and organisations
Symbolic turning point, revealing a widespread desire for equality in Australia
Others feel that the Referendum was irrelevant to their lives, having little effect on the daily discrimination they experience and didn't recognise them as traditional owners

Wave Hill Walk Off

Began 23 August 1966 Ended 1973
Gurindji people - traditional owners of the land near Victoria River, Northern Territory
Vincent Lingiari - key representative of Gurindji
British Vestey Company - owned the farm station Wave Hill
Walk off involved 200 Gurindji people walking off the farm station and setting up camp along the Victoria River
Initially the walk off (or strike) was about a disagreement over wages - British Vestey Company refused to pay the Gurindji farm workers' their wages of $25.00 per week, which had been raised from $6.00 per week
Second reason for walk off was the issue of land ownership
Lingiari and other Gurindji leaders petitioned the Governor General in 1967 arguing that morally the land was theirs - the claim was refused
Walk-off ended in 1973
1975 Prime Minister Gough Whitlam symbolically poured earth (soil) into Lingiari 's hand as he handed over 3,300 square kilometres of land to the Gurindji people
In September 2020 the Gurindji claim for native title* to Wave Hill station was granted

Mabo & Native Title

1971 the Yolngu people challenged the legality of a new mine that had been built on their traditional lands without permission
The claim was rejected based on no legal obligation for the Australian government to recognise customary ownership of the land because Australia declared Terra Nullius
Eddie 'Koiki' Mabo was the leader of a group of 33 Meriam people
Mabo and the Meriam people appealed this case to the High Court of Australia
Provided 4000 pages of evidence and arguments that eight clans of Mer (Murray Island) have occupied clearly defined territories on the island for hundreds of years
3 June 1992, six of the seven judges agreed that the Meriam held traditional ownership of the lands of Mer
The decision led to the passing of the Native Title Act 1993
This decision recognised that Terra Nullius should not have been applied to Australia
Eddie Mabo and his companions did not live to see the outcome of this decision

what does native title act 1993 allow

Native Title Act (1993) created a framework that recognises Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have rights to, and interests in, certain land because of their traditional laws and customs. It allows access to land for living, traditional purposes, hunting or fishing and/or to teach laws and customs on the land

Reconciliation

Reconciliation is about strengthening relationships between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and non-Indigenous peoples, for the benefit of all Australians.
While long overdue, we can credit the timing of the 2008 Apology to an urgent act of bravery—to finally and formally acknowledge the suffering caused by decades of mistreatment of Indigenous Australians.

Five dimensions of reconciliation

Race Relations
Equality And Equity
Historical Acceptance
Institutional Integrity
Unity

Australia Day or Invasion Day?

60% of respondents want to continue celebrating "Australia Day" on January 26
53% of millennials think we should not celebrate Australia Day on January 26
Younger Australians are more readily accepting of marriage equality, gender diversity and other kinds of progressive social change

Uluru statement from the heart

May 2017 signed
Create a better future via the proposal of two key reforms
Give Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders a say over the policies and programmes that impact them, such as health and education.
Give Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders a say over the legislation that the Government could introduce that impact them.
A Makarrata Commission to supervise treaty-making and a process of truth-telling about our nation's history.

assimilation quote

single, uniform white Australian culture -pg9

mabo quote

'my father told me "Son this land will belong to you when I die."' -pg27

wave hill quote

I bin thinkin' this bin Gurindji country. We been here longa time before them Vestey mob -pg23

stolen children quote

within 100 years the pure blacks will be extinct - AO Neville

day or mourning quote

will raise our people to full citizen status and equality within the community -pg14

right to vote quote

more than ever the Aboriginal voice is being listened to -pg15

Freedom ride quote pool

sorry, drakes not allowed in

COMA

Content-circle and label what you see
Origin- by who and when was the source created
Motivation- Why was the source created by who it was
Audience- Who is the source targeting

When did WWII start and end?

September 1, 1939 - September 2, 1945

how many people died in WWII

60 million

When did WWI start and end?

July 28, 1914 - November 11, 1918

how many people died in WWI

20 MILLION

What did WWI bring about

communism

What was the Kaiser?

the emperors of the unified German Empire (1871-1918) and the emperors of the Austrian Empire (1804-1918).

Who was the last emperor of Germany

Kaiser Wilhelm II

All those who attended the Paris Peace Conference

David Lloyd George of Great Britain
Georges Clemenceau of France
Woodrow Wilson of America
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy

David Lloyd George of Great Britain views on Germany/objectives for TOV

Needed support of the public so went with "hang the Kaiser" and "Make Germany pay" mentality publically
In private beloved that being too harsh on Germany may turn them communism, and they are otherwise the only country in Central Europe that could stop the spread of communism from Russia
Wanted land to expand British empire
Wanted to have strongest Navy to protect interest in foreign colonies
Rebuild Germany so that Britain could increase trade relations Germany had many coal resources and factories
justice but not revenge
wanted to make them pay reparations

Georges Clemenceau of France views on Germany/objectives for TOV

Wanted German army crippled due to damage done in North East France
wanted them to rebuild France
wanted land back from Germany
war guilt clause 231
wanted Germany to suffer revenge
Represented public and Clemenceau views

Woodrow Wilson of America views on Germany/objectives for TOV

To create long term peace with a global alliance called the league of nations
proposed 14 points Jan 8 1918 before war ended
wanted to punish Germany but in a way that promoted European reconciliation
American public wanted isolation from Europe

what is self determination

the right of people to choose their own form of government and that each nationality should govern themselves

America's Role in WWI

America entered WWI in 1917. because Germany sank many American merchant ships around the British Isles which prompted the American entry into the war.

What were Wilson's 14 points?

Self determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, no secret treaties, creation of League of Nations, reduction in the size of militaries

how was France affected by WWI

20,000 industrial compounds were destroyed or damaged; 2.5 million agricultural hectars were devastated; 2,000 kilometers of canals and 2,000 bridges were destroyed, as well as 62,000 kilometers of road and more than 5,000 kilometers of railroads were out of order in all of France.

How were Germany forced into signing the TOV

The German Government had agreed to sign the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919 to make peace as their resources were exhausted. This action was very unpopular in Germany. Enemies of the government used the treaty to claim that it had 'stabbed Germany in the back' by ending the war.

Terms of TOV

War Guilt:
Article 231 became known of the 'War Guilt Clause' as Germany had to blame for starting the war

Reparations:
Germany had to pay 136,000 millions marks or 6600 million British pounds

Colonies:
Germany lost all its 11 colonies in Africa and the Far East

Military:
German army limited to 100,000 soldiers
Navy limited to 6 battleships, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyers and 12 torpedo boats
No submarines allowed, no airforce allowed
Rhineland was demilitarised and taken over by British and France troops for 15 years
No general staff (war planners)
compulsory enlistment banned

Land:
Germany lost 10% of its land
Lost 50% of its iron reserves
Lost 15% of its coal reserves
Return Alsace-Lorraine to France

What was the Rhineland?

a demilitarized zone between Germany and France established to protect France

Capturing of Ruhr in 1923

in response to the lack of payment of reparations, France and Belgium invaded the Ruhr. The Ruhr was a region of Germany which coal mines.
German factory workers refused to co-operate with the occupying French and Belgian armies. With the German governments support, the workers went on strike. The French sent in their own workers, and arrested the leaders of the German strikers and the German police.
Goods in Germany became even more difficult to obtain, and therefore very expensive. To fix this problem and pay the striking Ruhr workers, the government again printed more money. This led to hyperinflation.

Why did TOV bring about

League of Nations

League or Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan were first 4 permanent members (USA did not join to keep America out of European affairs)

When and why did the Kaiser abdicate?

In late 1918, popular unrest in Germany combined with a naval mutiny convinced civilian political leaders that the kaiser had to abdicate to preserve order. In fact, Wilhelm's abdication was announced before he had actually consented to it.

The Weimar Government

refers to the German government that was formed after Germany's defeat in WWI 1918-1933

President of Weimar Republic

Friedrich Ebert, leader of the Social Democratic movement in Germany

social hatred for Weimar government

signing of TOV, the Great Depression, large scale social changes to previously conservative society, stab in the back theory

Other government parties opposing Weimar

Communist: wanted equality for all and no TOV
LIberal: Wanted no TOV but wanted amicable relations with other European nations for trade and revival of economy
Nazi: nationalism, return to former glory, no TOV

Stab in the Back Theory

The germans thought they were winning the war and then the civilian politicians signed the treaty saying Germany lost. Army spread rumours that it was engineered by Jews and Socialists in German civilian government not due to military exhaustion, and Weimar affiliation with Socialist was not good. Military held its prestige and rebuilt under Hitler without blame or question and justify anti semitism.

Roaring 20's

A time of booming business, lots of new entertainment like Jazz Age music, and new technologies because of post war mentality. Caused social divide and blame on Weimar government.

economic hatred for Weimar government

Germans were angered by governments inability to provide infrastructure and services for the country and stand up to foreign powers demanding money (even after the lowered from 132 to 122 billion German marks)

the Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s.

Crash of Wall Street

Wall Street in New York City is the home of the US stock market. In the 1920s economic boom, it was a source of quick wealth for many investors. Companies issued stocks and, while their value was climbing, investors could sell them and make profit. In late 1929, however, many investors realised they had paid too much for many stocks. Panic set in among October, the stock market had lost majority of its investors
Much of the boom of the 1920s in many countries had been funded on borrowed money, particularly from the United States, which now stopped lending and demanded that loans it had made be immediately repaid. As countries faced falling incomes, they turned to tariffs; that is, taxes i

Germany had

strongest economy in Europe before WWI, if Germany prospered all of Europe did

Hyperinflation

A very rapid rise in the price level; an extremely high rate of inflation where more money is printed so it loses value. Germany spiralled to hyperinflation in 1923 (loaf of bread went from 700 to 80 billion in 1923)

Hitler restored

pride many germans lost due to TOV

Ordinary citizens were... whilst high end government officials...

starving and well below the poverty line, living in luxury

America was

loaning money to Germany after hyperinflation started

Germany was drastically affected by

crash of Wall Street in 1929 due to loans from America, and by 1932 30% workforce were without a job, causing more resentment for Weimar and people turning to radicalism groups like Nazi who promised 'work and bread'

Reccession

a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced,

Depression

A long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment

mass production

production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines, cheaper and more efficient

social downfall

war guilt clause
stab in the back theory
loss of land
disparity in living standards

economic downfall

reparations 6600 million pounds
hyperinflation
Ruhr/saar valley coal mines
the Great Depression

Political downfall

new political ideologies emerging
treaty weakened military