bio hl1 unit 1 vocab

Polarity

The property of molecules having a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative charge on another atom

Hydrogen bonds

The weak bonds formed between the positive hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the negative oxygen atom of another water molecule

Cohesion

The ability of water molecules to stick together allowing them to form a continuous stream

Surface tension

The property of water that allows small organisms to move along its surface and live around it as a habitat

Adhesion

The ability of water molecules to stick to other polar molecules allowing water to flow through narrow paths and against gravity

Capillary action

Movement that results when water flows through a narrow path without help from gravity

Solvent properties

The ability of water to dissolve substances that are charged or polar creating solutions

Hydration shell

The sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion using opposite charges

Amphipathic

Having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism facilitated by water as a medium

Buoyancy

The property of water that describes the upward force exerted by a fluid on an object immersed in it allows organisms to float in water

Viscosity

The stickiness of a fluid influenced by the internal friction created when the fluid moves

Thermal conductivity

The property of water which describes the rate at which heat passes through a substance with water being higher than that of air

High specific heat

The property of water that requires a large amount of energy to raise its temperature resulting in a stable environment

Origin of Water

The theory that water on Earth was delivered by colliding asteroids during the early years of the planet

Goldilocks Zone

The region around a star where conditions are just right for the presence of liquid water and the potential for extraterrestrial life

Abiogenesis

Spontaneous origin of cells from non-living sources

Catalysis

self-assembly

Miller-Urey's Experiment

Demonstrated abiogenesis

boiled vapors

added H2 CH4 NH3 removed O2

added electrical discharge

produced 20AAs

Significance of Vesicles

Separated "self" from environment

created unique internal chemistry

Significance of RNA

Self-replicating

can work as an enzyme

LUCA

Last Universal Common Ancestor

microbe that existed ~4 to ~4.5 BYA

Estimation of Dates

Using isotope ratios and genomic analysis

Cell Theory (Robert Hooke)

Cells are the smallest unit of life

all living organisms are composed of cells

cells come from pre-existing cells

Structures No Longer Considered Organelles

Cell wall Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm

Universal Structures (3)

Plasma Membrane DNA Ribosomes

Plasma Membrane (Universal Structure)

Structure: phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol Function: Semi-permeable barrier that separates internal/external environment

controls entry/exit of substance

DNA (Universal Structure)

Structure: double helix made of nucleotides Function: contains instructions for all cell functions specifically making proteins

Ribosomes (Universal Structure)

Structure: 2 subunits (large and small) made of rRNA and proteins no membrane two different sizes Function: Protein synthesis

70S vs. 80S

Prokaryotes have 70S Eukaryotes have 80S (larger)

Svedberg units (Ribosomes)

Measurement of the relative size of cell parts through sedimentation during centrifugation

Free vs Bound Ribosomes

Free ribosomes make proteins to be used in cytosol (In Cell) Bound ribosomes make secretory proteins like hormones ribosomes structurally identical and interchangeable every ribosome initially free then when needs to make secretory protein becomes bound to ER

Annotations for Prokaryote Structure

nucleoid naked DNA 70S ribosomes cytoplasm plasma membrane cell wall (thicker) pili/cilia flagella shape is more rod-shaped length 2x width

Nucleoid (Prokaryotes only)

Area where circular DNA is found

Plasmids (Prokaryotes only)

Extra circular DNA w/ additional info

Mesosomes (Prokaryotes only)

Infoldings that increase surface area and act as sites for cellular respiration

Cell Wall (Prokaryote)

Made of peptidoglycan protects cell maintains shape prevents bursting (prokaryote cell wants to be a bit turgid)

Flagella

Long slender extensions used for movement

Cilia

Hair-like sticks to surfaces used in bacterial conjugation

Nucleus

Structure: nuclear envelope is double membraned (2 phospholipid bilayers) with pores

contains nucleolus Function: stores genetic info as chromatin (DNA + Histones)

Nucleolus (Both)

Region in nucleus for ribosome synthesis (proteins for ribosomes synthesized outside of nucleus travel in to join w/ rRNA)

Benefits of Double Nuclear Membrane

Hydrophobic core is never exposed to water (if punctured it seals itself) transportation of materials in & out of nucleus

allows membrane break down and chromosomes to move to opposite poles of the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER) (Both)

Structure: made of cisternae has 80S ribosomes attached Function: folds/packages secretory proteins (typically hormones)

Cisternae

Flattened membrane sacs (folds)

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER) (Both)

Structure: made of branched tubular membranes

NO RIBOSOMES Function: makes lipids (phospholipids/hormones) detoxifies drugs stores calcium ions for muscles

Golgi Apparatus (Both)

Structure: consists of cisternae Function: receives vesicles from the rER (cis face)

modifies and ships most to plasma membrane for secretion (trans face) cis face always faces the nucleus

Vesicle Transport Model of Golgi Apparatus

Cisternae remains static vesicles move proteins between them

Cisternal Maturation Model of Golgi Apparatus

Vesicles from rER coalesce to from new cisternae on cis side which matures and moves to trans side which then breaks into vesicles

Lysosomes (Only animal cells)

Structure: membrane sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes from Golgi Function: digests food organelles and sometimes entire cell (apoptosis)

Mitochondria (Both)

Structure: Double membrane like nucleus (outer membrane is smoother inner contains cristae)

matrix (fluid) inside

has own DNA and ribosomes makes own proteins Function: cellular respiration makes ATP

Cristae

Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain for synthesis of ATP

Matrix

Center compartment of the mitochondrion that contains dissolved enzymes in fluid

Vacuoles (Vesicles) (Both)

Structure: single membraned sack filled with fluid contains dissolved materials Function: store food (animal cells) store poison pigments (plant cells) expel water (contractile vacuole in paramecium)

Central Vacuole (Only plant cells)

Found only in plant cells stores water pigments poison and maintains hydrostatic pressure

Vacuole vs. Vesicle

Large vs. small

permanent vs. temporary

Adaptations of Vesicles

Moves contents within

moves membrane or proteins that makeup vesicles

Clathrin

Three-legged protein that positions itself on the surface of membranes which then forms vesicles

Microtubules

Structure: made of tubulin protein Function: found in mitotic spindle fibers

cilia/flagella

moves organelles within cell (ex. vesicles)

Microfilaments

Structure: made of actin protein Function: cytoplasmic streaming (when you circulate cytosol to transport food/enzymes)

muscle contraction

helps animal cells maintain shape

Centrosome (Only animal cells)

Structure: contains 2 paired centrioles

each centriole made of 9 triplet microtubules Function: used as spindle fibers in mitosis/meiosis

Chloroplast (Only plant cells)

Structure: double membrane

contains stacks of thylakoids inside (in stacks called granum) Function: photosynthesis

makes glucose stored as starch grains

Cell Wall (composition is different) - no longer considered organelles

Structure: rigid outer layer made of cellulose Function: provides support protection prevents excess water uptake lets plant cell remain upright

What to label in microscope images

nucleus CHR (look for dark area) ribosomes rER/sER Golgi mitochondria chloroplast cell wall plasma membrane vacuole

What to annotate in animal cell drawing

nucleus double membrane w/ pores

mitochondria double membrane 1/2 nucleus size

Golgi apparatus w/ vesicles to and from

ER interconnected membrane (sER and rER)

ribosomes 80S

cytosol (NOT CYTOPLASM)

cell membrane one line

What to annotate in plant cell drawing

nucleus mitochondria golgi rER sER ribosomes cytosol (same as animal cell)

chloroplast two membranes stacks of disks (granum)

vacuole large takes up most space

tonoplast (membrane which surrounds vacuole)

cell membrane one line