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184 Terms

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Fine motor dexterity
Coordination or use of small muscles in the hands, arms, or feet involved in manipulating, grasping, or reaching for particular objects
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Parkinson’s disease
A chronic neurodegenerative disorder of the nervous system characterized by tremor, rigidity, impaired gait and balance, and slow movements
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Cerebral Palsy
due to lack of oxygen to brain. A set or series of disorders exhibited by difficulty in movement, voluntary muscle control, or posture, resulting from severe brain injury during early childhood
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Spina bfida
incompletion of the spinal cord
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Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)
refers to a group of conditions affecting the functionality of clients such as autism, retts syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, aspbergers, and other illnesses or conditions
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Encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
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Dementia
Need sensory stimulation, Validation- attitude, principals, techniques, Reminiscence, Coping Skills, A set of symptoms characterized by deterioration in cognitive functioning, particularly memory, abstract thinking, judgement, and problem solving
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Alzheimer’s
A progressive degenerative disease with insidious onset characterized by multiple cognitive deficits and significant decline in functioning
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Aspberger’s
One type of ASD that is no longer applied as a specific diagnosis but shares characteristics of social pragmatic communication disorders
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ASD
Neurological condition that is characterized by difficulties in communication, social, and emotional behavior often involving limited and repetitive patterns of behavior and interest
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Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Web of nerves and ganglia divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems that control and regulate involuntary behavior
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Behavioral disorder
A problem in social behavior that is sufficiently extreme as to interfere with the learning process (emotional disorder = behavioral disorder)
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communication disorder
Disability which is characterized by the difficulty or inability to process, send, transfer, or comprehend thought. These may affect speech, language, or hearing
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Developmental disability
A severe chronic mental or physical impairment originating in childhood, resulting in significant functional limitations behavior, learning, language, and/or physical development
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entrainment
Synchronization of behavior, mood, or physiological response to an external rhythm
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Huntington’s Disease
A genetic disorder affecting the CNS and causing involuntary movements or contortions; may also cause cognitive decline and behavioral symptoms
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Isoprinciple
Process of matching music to an individual’s mood to facilitate their self-awareness and understanding
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Learning Disabilities
Neurologically-based, processing problems resulting in decreased achievement when compared to the normal. Can affect language, reasoning, and academic skill development
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Neuromuscular and Skeletal Disorders
A group of conditions affecting the nervous system, bone structures, and muscles of the body. o Include autoimmune diseases (MS, myasthenia gravis), Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s, bone conditions (osteoarthritis, osteoporosis) and in children, muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, Down Syndrome, and Fragile X Syndrome
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PTSD
A type of anxiety disorder in which the person re-experiences a trauma with persistent arousal and avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma causing significant distress and functional impairment
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Rett Syndrome
A disorder in which a child with normal early development loses manual dexterity, coordinated gait, social engagement, and language; associated with severe psychomotor retardation and deceleration of head growth. Typically females.
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Stroke (apoplexy)
Blockage of the blood supply to the brain which may be transient and temporary or severe, resulting in paralysis, aphasia, or loss of other functions, such as incontinence
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Williams Syndrome
A congenital neurobehavioral disorder characterized by delayed motor development, mild to moderate cognitive impairment and notable impairment in visual and spatial functioning. Children tend to display hyperacusis responsiveness to music, and a social and verbal fluency
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Hyperacusis
A highly debilitating hearing disorder characterized by an increased sensitivity to certain frequencies and volume ranges in sound
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Learning disorder
A client with a particular deficit existing in an area that relates to the processing of information or learning that can result in a decrease of achievement when compared to the normal learning abilities of others
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Neuromuscular disorder
A condition that can negatively affect the entire nervous system and associated muscles of the body
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Motor skills disorder
A defect in the client’s coordination. Often diagnosed during childhood - They can result in tremendous loss of functions but are not caused by a medical condition (therefore, does not meet the criteria for PDD)
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Conduct disorder
A repeating pattern of social responses or behaviors where typical social etiquette is not observed. Such responses include aggression, destruction, serious violations, and deceitfulness
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Disruptive Behavior Disorder
A particular kind of conduct disorder that is characterized by the oppositional and defiant behaviors that do not meet the general accepted criteria for other named conduct disorders
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder
A condition defined by continuing hostility and negative behaviors that cause functional disabilities in clients
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Adventitious
NOT present at birth
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Affect
observable aspects of behavior that tell others how one feels
o Facial expression
o Tone of voice
o Posture
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Alternative/augmentative communication system (AAC)
Products or methods used to aid communication for persons with disorders of speech, language, or writing
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
A terminal progressive disease of the motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord that eventually leads to muscular paralysis
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Aphasia
Impaired ability to use or understand language
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Atherosclerosis
A disease affecting the arterial blood vessels.

The name of a process in which fatty substances are deposited on the inner lining of the arteries and over time build up causing a heart attack
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Bereavement
The process of grieving over the death of a loved one
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Catatonic behavior
Marked abnormal in motor behavior such as long periods of
remaining in the same position without moving
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Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Occurs when blood flow to the brain is restricted, stroke
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
A disease in which air sacks of the lungs lose their elasticity and become overly porous which can result in dyspnea, fatigue, and eventually lead to death
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Disorganized Speech
Refers to switching topics with no natural transition or answering questions in a tangential way, which often renders speech incoherent or illogical
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Divided Attention
Focusing one’s spotlight of awareness on more than one task at a time
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Dyspnea
Shortness of breath
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Dysarthria
Imperfect articulation of speech because of loss of muscle control as a result of damage to the CNS
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Dyspraxia
Disturbance in the sequence of spoken language resulting from decreased ability to plan and position the muscles involved in word articulation
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Bilabial Sounds
Sounds where both lips touch each other, examples: popping, BABY
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frontal lobe
motor movement and executive functioning
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parietal lobe
sensory processing
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temporal lobe
hearing and memory
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occipital lobe
responsible for vision
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12-Bar Blues Progression
I - I - I - I

IV - IV - I - I

V - IV - I - I
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I
Tonic
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IV
Subdominant
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V
Dominant
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VI
Submediant
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Plagal Cadence
IV - I (Amen)
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Perfect (authentic) cadence
V(7) - I
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Imperfect cadence
Anything but V(7) - I
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deceptive cadence
often V(7) - VI
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harmonic minor scale
minor scale with a raised 7th
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melodic minor scale
Raise the 6th and 7th going up, lower them going down
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aeolian
natural minor scale
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ionian
major scale
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lydian
major scale with a raised 4th
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pentatonic scale
5-finger scale, can be played on the piano using only black keys
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Baroque period
\-Decorative and filled with ornamentations (trills, etc)
\-Very few dynamic markings and tempos remained the same throughout
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Classical period
\-Intellectual and rational sounding
\-Basically the complete opposite of baroque (ornamentations fell out of
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romantic period
\-Conveyed feelings
\-More expressive markings and tempo changes
\-Nature was used as inspiration for music
\-Lots of use of folk tunes (leading to Nationalism)
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event recording
counting how many times a specific behavior occurs
during a specified time period
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duration recording
measuring the length of time a client performs (or does not perform) a specified behavior within a specified time period
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Continuous (interval) recording
observing and making note of all target behaviors that occur within a specific time frame
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fixed ratio
involves scheduled reinforcement. It is not a method of
measuring behavior.
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spastic cerebral palsy
most common; muscles feel stiff and tight
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ataxic cerebral palsy
characterized by shaky movements; affects balance and sense of positioning in space
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Dyskinetic (AKA Athetoid) cerebral palsy
characterized by involuntary movements
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mixed type cerebral palsy
most commonly spastic and athetoid
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defense mechanisms
repression, denial, projection, displacement, regression, sublimation
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repression
an unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from being conscious
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denial
involves blocking external events from awareness, people just refuse to experience situations
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projection
individuals attributing their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person
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displacement
satisfying an impulse (ex. aggression) with a substitute object
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regression
a movement back in psychological time when one is faced with stress
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sublimation
satisfying an impulse (ex. aggression) with a substitute object in a socially acceptable way (i.e. sports)
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behavioral approach steps
\

1. Identify, modify, count, or observe behavior
2. Introduce contingencies into the environment to influence the client
to modify their behavior positively
3. Evaluate results through continued observation or post observation
of the targeted behavior. Behavioral is all about observable data!!
What you can see. There are techniques, such as operant techniques
and cognitive-behavioral techniques used.
\-Fading: used over a length of time when the desired response becomes
more automatic. Fade out and leave more blanks for the client to fill in
\-Chaining: used to increase the amount of words a client can articulate
to build up to full sentences
\-Modeling: model it for them
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Culture Centered approach
* Centered on cultural aspects


* The therapist must emerge themselves within the client’s culture to learn the songs, the ways, etc. in order to bring that to the MT sessions
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community music therapy
The community is involved in the therapy process.

o Example: the community theater may put on a production where
special needs community members and neurotypical community
members come together and work on the show. An MT must be
there leading the therapy process, but it is done through the use of
the community as a whole rather than just the MT and the client.
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FOUR ESSENTIAL PARADIGMS FOR NMT

1. Neuroscience- guided rehab (integrated evidence-based outcomes from
brain research and clinical studies)
2. Learning and training models (show how rhythmic motor learning and
training functions in relationship to temporal structure and organization
to enhance cognitive, speech, and language functioning)
3. Cortical plasticity (incorporates music as a complex, rhythmically
organized, and spectrally diverse sound structure that drives neural
patterns)
4. Neurological facilitation models (describe how patterned sensory input
consisting of auditory rhythmicity and musical patterns, enhance motor
and cognitive functions). All based in synaptic connections.
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Psychodynamic approach
* AKA Analytical MT
* Explores unconscious through the use of musical and verbal expression
* Client/therapist relationship develops transference and countertransferenc“Based on the concept that events in the past have an impact on the present and that unconscious material drives current behavior”
* Focuses on questions of meaning and uncovering/working through those unconscious things from the past affecting present behaviors
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What are the 8 Core Values of the AMTA?
Kindness, Social responsibility, dignity and respect, equality, accountability, excellence, integrity, and courage
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What are the 5 ethical principles of the AMTA?

1. Respecting the dignity and rights of all
2. acting with compassion
3. Being accountable
4. Demonstrating integrity and veracity
5. Striving for excellence
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What are the 4 methods of MT?
Receptive, recreative, improvisation, composition
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What are examples of receptive techniques?
song discussion, song sharing, imaginal listening, pain management
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What are Piaget's stages of development?
sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational
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What is common of children in the sensorimotor stage?
(birth to 2 years) objects in mouth, explore with senses, discriminate between sounds, infant speech, manipulate objects to make song, vocal play and babbling
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What is common of kids in the preoperational stage?
(2-7) parallel play, rapid language growth, can use words as symbols to represent objects and events, increase in social awarenesss, increased motor coordination, increased spatial concepts
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What is common of kids in the concrete operational stage?
(7-11) can think systematically and solve problems related to reality
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What is common of people in the formal operational stage?
(11-adult) increased ability to think abstractly, engage in social pursuits
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What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

1. Physiological needs
2. Safety and Security needs
3. Love and Belonging Needs
4. Self esteem
5. self actualization
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What is the goal of humanistic music therapy?
To encourage clients to make choices/reach self-actualization
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What are associated techniques with humanistic music therapy?
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs