Psych Exam 2

physical development

changes in biological nature

cognitive development

changes in persons thoughts, intelligence, language. Ex. Babies learning abstract concepts

Psychosocial

changes in relationships, emotions, personality

continuous vs discontinuous

is development gradual or in stages

nature v nurture

is biological inheritance or environment more important

3 periods of prenatal development

germinal, embryonic, fetal

germinal stage

cell division, zygote clings to uterus

embryonic stage

spinal cord, eyes, heart, arms, legs, placenta

fetal

sleep, eyes, senses

teratogens

agent that damages fetus. timing is important

FASD

cluster of abnormalities caused by alcohol as teratogen

reflexes we keep

blink, cough, yawn

reflexes we lose

rooting, sucking, palmers grasp, moro, stenning

early childhood physical development

growth slows, but gross and fine motor skills increase

late childhood physical development

brain pruning, smoother actions

4 stages of piagets theory

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, formal

object permanence occurs during

sensorimotor

assimilation

incorporate new information into existing knowledge

accomodation

adjust schemas to new info

lack of conservation

permanence of attributes despite physical changes

operations

being able to reverse mental presentations

egocentrism

inability to distinguish their perspective and someone else

problems with piaget

development isn’t in exact stages, ignores culture and differences, there might be a postformal operation stage

eriksons 8 stages

trust v mistrust, autonomy v shame, initiative v guilt, industry v inferiority, identity v confusion, intimacy v isolation, generativity v stagnation, integrity v despair

attachment

Close emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver

harlows monkeys

contact comfort

bowlby Attachment Theory

infants and mother instinctively form attachment, mom is secure base

Ainsworth and Strange Situation

secure attachment, kid gets distressed when mom leaves

Lorenz imprinting

infant animals attach to first moving object, sensitive period timing

baumrinds 4 parenting style

authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, rejecting

authoritative

high warmth and control like dad

authoritarian

high control low warmth like mom

physical changes in puberty

rapid maturation, amygdala develops before prefrontal cortex

adolescent egocentrism

i am unique, indestructible, and everyone is busy with me

ethnic identity

can impact the identity v confusion stage

emerging adulthood

adolescence to adulthood, explore identity

physical development is early adulthood

healthiest but bad habits

physical development in middle adulthood

aging, menopause, shorter

physical development in late adulthood

reaction slows, muscle and brain diminishes

cognitive development in early adulthood

more realistic and logical

cognitive development in middle adulthood

intellect peaks, crystallized and fluid intelligence

cognitive development in late adulthood

processing and memory decline

activity theory

adults that are more active and involved are happier

socioemotional selectivity theory

narrowing of social contacts

transduction

sensory info converted to neural impulses

sensory receptors

neurons responsible for transduction

absolute threshold

minimum amount of energy that can be detected

noise

irrelevant and competing stimuli

subliminal perception

detecting info below conscious awareness. unsure if we can sense and be influenced

difference threshold

minimum difference needed to detect difference

weber’s law

To perceive difference, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage not a fixed amount

signal detection theory

decision making about stimuli in presence of noise

attention

selective and shiftable

sensory adaptation

diminished sensitivity because of constant stimulation

light

electromagnatic energy in terms of wavelengths

amplitude

how high waves are

electromagnetic spectrum

400-700 nm

cornea

bends and focuses light

sclera

protects eye shape

pupil

size based on light, iris regulates size

lens

focuses light onto image on retina

retina

begins process of visual information

fovea in retina

vision is best here

receptor cells

rods in dark, cones in light

order of vision once it reaches retina

receptor (either rod or cone), bipolar, ganglion, optic nerve, optic chiasm, visual cortex

nearsightedness

can’t see far

farsightedness

can’t see close

trichromatic theory

3 types of cones in retina sensitive to red, green and blue

opponent process theory

color is coded in opponent pairs

bottom up processing

starts with sensory receptors then goes to brain

top down processing

starts with cognitive thinking then goes to senses

gestalt principles

proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, closure

binocular cues

input from both eyes, depth

monocular cues

input from 1 eye, such as relative size, height, overlap, texture

audition

hearing

sound waves

physical stimulus enters our system

frequency

number of wavelengths, pitch

amplitude

pressure produced by soundwaves in decibels

outer ear

pinna funnels sounds

middle ear

eardrum, ossicles like hammer

inner ear

oval window, cochlea, hair cells

auditory nerve

carry neural impulse from ear to brain

auditory cortex

temporal love

Interaural level difference

Difference in intensity of soundwaves between the two ears

Interaural timing difference

Small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear

levels of consciousness

wakefulness- high, sleep-low

EEG

amplifies and records electrical activity in brain

circadian rhythms

24 hr cycle

suprachiasmatic nucleus

small structure in hypothalamus that synchronizes body to 24 hrs

why do we sleep

no one knows, maybe preservation, conversation, restoration, memories, growth, myelin

sleep stages order

1232REM

sleep stage 1

light sleep, alpha waves, hallucination

sleep stage 2

deeper, theta waves, spindles, k-complex

stage 3

deepest, delta waves

REM sleep

fast waves, increase in autonomic activity, brain stem blocks motor

sleep deprivation

sleep debt, thalamus and pre-frontal cortex impacted, immune supressed

3-4 days without sleep

hallucinations and delusions, microsleeps

microsleep

body shuts down for seconds to minutes

sleepwalking/talking

non REM, somnambulism

nightmares

REM, 3-6 yo