exam 2

Identify the muscle below

skeletal muscle

identify the muscle below

Cardiac muscle

Identify the muscle type

smooth muscle

Whats the structure of a skeletal muscle

A single, long, cylindrical muscle cells

_________ filaments in myofibrils consist of the protein myosin

Thick

Thin filaments are composed of what three proteins?

Actin, Troponin, and Tropomyosin

The cardiac muscle is only located in

the heart.

The cardiac muscle consist of __________________________________

branching, striated cells that interconnect in 3d networks

The muscle that causes an action, and does the majority of the work is

Agonist (prime mover)

Muscles that assist the prime mover are called

synergist

muscles that oppose an action are called

Antagonist

_____ muscle are elongated with tapered ends, lack striations (looks smooth), and have a relatively underdeveloped sarcoplasmic reticulum

Smooth

Whats a similarity between skeletal and smooth muscle

Both types involve reaction between actin and myosin

Whats a similarity between skeletal and smooth muscle (2)

Both types are stimulated by impulses, require an increase in calciumm ions in the cells, and use ATP energy

What’s a difference between smooth and skeletal muscles

Both acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine stimulate & inhibit smooth muscle contraction, while only ACh stimulates skeletal muscle

Smoove muscle is _________ to contract and relax compared to skeletal contraction

Slower

Occurs in sheets, and is found in the walls of hollow organs

Visceral smooth muscle

isotonic contraction

“same tension”, involves shortening of muscle, associated with movements such as lifting

Isometric Contraction

“Same measurement” involves force generation without shortening, force is used to resist over stretching

Struction of skeletal muscle

Layers of dense connective tissue, called fascia, surround and seperate each tissue

The ______ extends inward from the epimysium: it surrounds bundles of skeletal muscle fibers ( fascicles)

perimysium

_____________ ______ joins cells and transmit the force of contraction from the one cell to the next

Intercalated disc

Sometimes muscles are connected to each other by broad sheets of connective tissue called _____________

Aponeuroses

Each muscle cell/fiber is covered by a connective tissue layer called __________

Endomysium

_________ are made ofmany units called sacromeres joined end to end

Myofibrils

___________________, is beneath sarcolemma of a muscle fiber lies network of memebranous channels

Sarcoplasmic reticulumn

_______________ are made up of actin filaments, which are anchored to the Z line

I bands (light bands)

Made up of overlapping thick and thin filaments

A bands ( dark bands)

each ________________ lies between two cisternae of sacroplasmic reticulum: tubules are open to the the outside of the muscle fiber__

T Tubule

In the center of A bands is in the __ zone, which consists of myosin filament

H zone

___ line, in the center of the H zone, consist of proteins that hold the myosin filaments

M

______ consist of two twisted strands with globular heads projected outward along the strands

Mysoin

_______ is globular protein arranged in twisted filaments

9double helix), containing myosin binding sites

Actin

____________ is the neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle fiber contraction at the neuromuscular junctions

Acetylchondria

_____________ is produced in the motor neuron and stored in the synaptic vesicles at the distal end of neuron

Acetylcholine

_____________ is present to intially regenerate ATP from ADP and phosphate, as it also contains high energy bonds

Creatine phosphate

As ADP __________, the energy from creatine phosphate can be transferred to ADP molecules, converting them back to ATP

decomposes

Step one of major events of muscle contraction

An impulse travels down a motor neuron axon

Step two of major events of muscle contraction

the motor neuron releases the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine

Step three of major events of muscle contraction

ACh binds to Ach receptors in muscle fiber membrane

Step four of major events of muscle contraction

the sarcolemma is stimulated, an impulse travels over the surface of the muscle fiber and deep nto the fiber through the transverse tubules

Step five of major events of muscle contraction

the impulse reaches the sacroplasmuc reticulum and calcium channels open

Step six of major events of muscle contraction

calcium ions diffuse from the sacroplasmic reticulum into the cytosol and bind to troponin molecules

Step seven of major events of muscle contraction

Tropomyosin molecules move and expose specific sites on actin where myosin heads can bind

Step eight of major events of muscle contraction

crossbridges form, linking thin and thick filaments

Step nine of major events of muscle contraction

thin filaments are pulled toward the center of sacromere by pulling of cross bridges

Step ten of major events of muscle contraction

the muscle fiber exerts a pulling force on it’s attachments as a contraction occurs

Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in the number of _____________ and greater rates of bone resorption.

__osteoclasts__

When levels of blood calcium ____________, parathyroid hormone is released from the parathryoid glands located on the posterior side of the thryoid gland.

decrease

As a result of direct actions on the targets cells of the bone and kidneys, parathryoid hormone works to ___________ blood calcium levels.

increase

When blood levels of calcium ____________, calcitonin is released from the cells in the thyroid gland.

increase

Calcitonin causes an increase in the number of _____________ and greater rates of bone deposition.

__osteoblasts__

Identify the bone section

phlanges

Identify the bone group

metacarpals

What are some functions of the skeletal system?

Protection of soft tissue, Attachment for muscles, Storage of inorganic salts, Exchange of gases

The _________ girdle consists of two hip bones that are each composed of three parts:  an ilium, an ____________, and a pubis.

pelvic, ischium

The lower limbs are composed of 30 bones each. The thigh bone is known as the _________, and the knee cap is known as the __________.

__femur__, __patella__.

The lower leg is composed of two bones:  the thin, lateral bone called the _________ and a large, thick medial bone called the ________.

__fibula, tibia__

The ankle and the foot are composed of seven __________, five ______________. and the 14 bones that make up the toes, called the _____________.

__tarsals__, __metatarsals__. __phalanges__.

The extracellular matrix of bone tissue is largely composed of what two components?

Collagen and inorganic salts

What is the role or function of yellow marrow in the bone tissue?

Yellow bone marrow is a site for storage of fat.

What type of joint has limited movement and is comprised mostly of hyaline cartilage?

Cartilaginous joints

The fibrocartilage pads that separate the vertebrae in the vertebral column are called

intervertebral disc

How many bones fuse to form the sacrum?

5

The extracellular matrix of bone tissue is largely made of __________ phosphate

calcium

Flexion example

Bending the knee

Extension example

Doing a back bend

Dorsiflexion example

Walking on heels

Plantar flexion example

Pointing the toes

Retraction

Pulling the head backward

Protraction

Pushing the jaw forward

What type of synovial joint is listed in the picture?

Condylar joint

What type of synovial joint is listed in the picture?

Ball & socket

What type of synovial joint is listed in the picture?

Plane joint

What type of synovial joint is listed in the picture?

Hinge joint

What type of synovial joint is listed in the picture?

Pivot joint

What type of synovial joint is listed in the picture?

Saddle joint

Calcitonin is released when blood calcium levels are __________. This hormone stimulates __________to build bone, storing excess calcium.

high; osteoblasts

Turning the sole (plantar surface) of foot medially

inversion

Turning the sole (plantar surface) of foot laterally

Eversion

Raising a part of body

elevation

Lowering a part of body

depression

What’s the ulna structure

radial notch

What’s the ulna structure

coronoid process

What’s the ulna structure

trochlear notch

What’s the ulna structure

olecranon process

__________ bone is a very tightly packed tissue,, which makrs up the wall of diaphysis

Compact

__________ bone consist of many branching bony plates called tuberculae

Spongy

What vitamin is needed for calcium absorption

Vitamin D

__________ of bone consist of collagen and inorganuc salts

Extracellular matrix

________ joints are composed of and held close together by dense connective tissue

Fibrous joints

__________ joints are connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage, limited movement, as when back is bent or twisted

ex: pubic symphysis, joints between the bodies of vertebrae

Cartilaginous

________ joint are freely movable (diarthrotic) and have a more complex structure than fibrous or cartilaginous joints

\

Synovial

______ refers to immovable joints

Synarthrotic

_________ refers to slightly movable joints

Amphiarthrotic

_________ refers to freely movable joints

Diarthrotic

Rotation of forearm so that palm is facing upward or anteriorly

Supination

Rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing down or posteriorly

Pronation

Movement of a body part so that it follows circular path

Circumduction