human bio sem 1

centrioles

cell organelle that aids in cell division usually located by the nucleus

endoplasmic reticulum

a series of membranous channels that store and transport materials and also provide a surface on which chemical reactions occur (rough)

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

cytoskeleton

consists of microfilaments and microtubules that help support the cell and help with cell movement

golgi apparatus

modifies and packages proteins for secretion from the cell

nucleus

contains the cell's DNA

nucleolus

contains RNA for protein synthesis

cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended. it is also where many chemical reactions occur

cilia and flagella

hairlike structures that extend from the surface of the cell, where they assist in movement

vesicles

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

difference between cilia and flagella

cilia is lots of short projections that are hair-like whereas flagella are less and longer

barrier function of the cell membrane

separates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid

regulation function of the cell membrane

determines what enters and what leaves

sensitivity function of the cell membrane

responds to the cells environment

support function of the cell membrane

attached to cytoskeleton

functions of the cell membrane

barrier, regulation, sensitivity, support

semipermeable

some substances can pass directly through the cell membrane but other substances are restricted

passive transport

the movement of substances through a cell membrane without the use of energy

active transport

the movement of substances through a cell membrane using energy

simple diffusion

movement of substances through the phospholipid bilayer without the use of proteins or energy following the concentration gradient

facilitated transport

the movement of substances through a cell membrane using proteins

passive facilitated transport

the movement of substances through a cell membrane using channel proteins following the concentration gradient

active facilitated transport

the movement of substances through a cell membrane using carrier proteins against the concentration gradient (using energy)

examples of simple diffusion

oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, steroids, lipid-soluble substances

examples of passive facilitated transport

water, glucose, amino acids

examples of active facilitated transport

glucose, amino acids, ions

vesicular transport

when larger substances enter/leave cells using vesicles and energy

endocytosis

when substances enter cells using vesicles

types of vesicular transport

endocytosis and exocytosis

types of endocytosis

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

exocytosis

when substances exit cells using vesicles

pinocytosis

when liquids enter the cell using vesicles

phagocytosis

when solids enter the cell using vesicles

examples of vesicular transport

microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, viruses), cholesterol

osmosis

movement of water from high to low concentration

isotonic

when the concentration of water is equal in and out of the cell

hypotonic

when the cell/outside the cell has less solute or more water concentration than the other

hypertonic

when the cell/outside the cell has more solute or less water concentration than the other

metabolism

all the reactions that take place in cells

catabolism

reactions that break larger molecules into smaller molecules and release energy

anabolism

reactions that build larger molecules from smaller molecules and require energy

types of metabolism

catabolism and anabolism

types of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

monosaccharides

single sugar molecules: glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharides

two sugar molecules linked: maltose, sucrose, lactose

polysaccharides

many sugar molecules linked: starch, glycogen, cellulose

peptides

less than 10 amino acids joined together

polypeptides

10-100 amino acids joined together

proteins

more than 100 amino acids joined together

lipids include

fats (energy reserves), phospholipids, steroids, sex hormones

fats (triglycerides)

made up of glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acid molecules

nucleic acids

made up of nucleotides

nucleotides

a nitrogen base, sugar and phosphate

RNA

ribonucleic acid made up of a single chain of nucleotides

RNA bases

adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

RNA function

copies DNA and carries information to ribosomes to make proteins

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid made up of 2 chains of nucleotides in a double helix shape

DNA bases

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

enzymes

proteins that act as biological catalysts

function of biological catalysts

allow chemical reactions to occur at body temperature by speeding up the reaction

activation energy

the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

function of catalysts

reduce the amount of activation energy required

substrate

molecule on which an enzyme acts

active site

an area on an enzyme that binds to a substrate during a reaction.

enzyme-substrate complex

a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate(s)

lock and key model

the model of the enzyme that shows the substrate fitting perfectly into the active site

factors affecting enzyme activity

concentration, removal of products, temperature, pH, co-factors and co-enzymes, inhibitors

concentration of enzyme/substrate

the higher the concentration of enzyme/substrate, the faster the reaction (saturation)

products must be continually removed (in enzyme activity)

so that the substrate molecules can combine with enzymes without interference

body temperature (in enzyme activity)

above normal bod temp (37º) proteins begin to denature, below molecules are not moving at optimum speed

pH (in enzyme activity)

the level of acidity, each enzyme has its own optimum pH at which it will operate

co-factors and co-enzymes (in enzyme activity)

minerals or vitamins that change the shape of the active site so that the enzyme can bond with the substrate

artery function

carry blood away from the heart

veins function

carry blood to the heart

capillaries function

exchange vessels for nutrients, wastes, fluids between blood and surrounding tissues

artery structure

• thick-walled

• small lumen

• well developed tunica media

capillary structure

• microscopic

• consist of tunica interna only

• one cell thick

inhibitors (in enzyme activity)

slow or stop reactions by sitting in the active site of enzyme and prevent substrates from entering (e.g. drugs)

cellular respiration

glucose + 6 oxygen --\> 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water + 38 ATP

energy from cellular respiration

60% released as heat
40% stored in ATP

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

formation of ATP

a phosphate group is bonded to ADP to form ATP. this bond stores energy which can be released by breaking the bond

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

anaerobic respiration

respiration without oxygen

aerobic respiration

respiration with oxygen

anaerobic respiration equation

glucose --\> 2 pyruvic acid --\> 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP

lactic acid

travels to the liver where it combines with oxygen to form glucose (anabolic reaction)

glycolysis occurs in

cytosol

citric acid cycle occurs in

mitochondria

electron transport chain occurs in

mitochondria

glycolysis

glucose --\> 2 pyruvates + 2ATP

citric acid cycle

2 pyruvate --\> hydrogen ions + carbon dioxide + 2ATP

electron transport chain

hydrogen ions + oxygen --\> water + 32-34ATP

energy use by cell

• building complex molecules

• cell division and growth

• movement of cell organelles

• movement of whole cell

• maintaining cell organisation

• active transport

• transmission of nerve impulses

pulmonary circulation

deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium

pulmonary circulation course

right ventricle --\> pulmonary artery --\> lungs --\> pulmonary veins --\> left atrium

systemic circulation

oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all the tissues of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

systemic circulation course

left ventricle --\> body --\> vena cava --\> right atrium

arteries

muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body

vein

blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart