Psychology Unit 5

Memory is best defined as ____________

the conscious encoding of information
stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded
the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information
the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded
recalling and retrieving information stored in the cerebral cortex

the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information

Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ____________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ______________.

recognition; relearning
recall; recognition
recall; relearning
relearning; recall
recognition; rehearsal

recall; recognition

Storage is to encoding as ___________ is to ______________

recognition; recall
imagery; mnemonics
rehearsal; retrieval
retention; acquisition
priming; relearning

retention; acquisition

The process of retrieval refers to _______________

the persistence of learning over time
the organization of information into manageable units
getting information out of memory storage
conscious repetition of information to be remembered
the identification of information previously learned

getting information out of memory storage

Which of the following is the best definition of the modern memory model "connectionism"?

A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on active processing
the view that memory emerges from interconnected neural networks
memory aids provided by powerful visual imagery or cues
unconscious encoding of incidental information
cues from a current situation that trigger memories of a previous experience

the view that memory emerges from interconnected neural networks

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ______________ memory.

echoic
short-term
flashbulb
long-term
implicit

short-term

As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Tyler was thinking about competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. Where are Tyler's current thoughts being processed?

sensory memory
the cerebellum
working memory
echoic memory
long-term memory

working memory

Parallel processing allows our brain to encode memories directly into long-term memory, bypassing working memory

Parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort
Parallel processing allows us to encode every event accurately as it happens, even if we cannot always retrieve it later
Sensory impulses travel through separate channels, with visual information going into visual working memory, and auditory into auditory working memory
Hypnotism can enhance memory through parallel processing, accessing both conscious and unconscious levels of our minds

parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort

During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. This best illustrates ______________

the spacing effect
automatic processing
sensory memory
echoic memory
short-term memory

automatic processing

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise. however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ____________ memory.

iconic
flashbulb
implicit
echoic
state-dependent

iconic

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to _____________ memory.

sensory
short-term
flashbulb
implicit
state-dependent

sensory

When Ileanna visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants _______________

recalled only half the letters because they did not have enough time to see all of them
recalled only about seven of the letters due to storage limitations
had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters
formed a sensory memory of no more than a single letter
recognized some of the letters but could not recall any of them

had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as __________ is to ____________

short-term memory; long-term memory
explicit memory; implicit memory
visual stimulation; auditory stimulation
automatic processing; effortful processing
flashbulb memory; implicit memory

visual stimulation; auditory stimulation

While your Mom is lecturing you about cleaning your room, you lose concentration. Then, suddenly you hear the significant words, "no car keys." When she asks, "Are you listening to me?" you are able to repeat the last few things she said before mentioning car keys. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Because you have heard the same lecture many times, rehearsal has caused it to be stored in long-term memory
Words stored in echoic memory will last for 3 to 4 seconds, so you can still recall her words
What your Mom said at the beginning and end of her lecture will be recalled because of the serial position effect
Because losing driving privileges is an emotional event, her words create a flashbulb memory
Hearing the words "car keys" leads to the priming of specific memories

words stored in echoic memory will last for 3-4 seconds, so you can still recall her words

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. This study found that __________ memories have a limited duration without active processing and rehearsal.

echoic
long-term
mood-congruent
short-term
flashbulb

short-term

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of __________ memory.

short-term
explicit
flashbulb
implicit
sensory

short-term

Herman Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that __________

the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning
what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved in that same mood
information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten
our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited
hypnosis can increase recall of meaningless information

the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning

Recorded information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information requires _____________.

proactive interference
state-dependent memory
chunking
effortful processing
priming

effortful processing

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as ____________

the spacing effect
the serial position effect
mood-congruent memory
chunking
automatic processing

the spacing effect

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of _____________

long-term potentiation
flashbulb memory
imagery
iconic memory
priming

imagery

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called __________

semantic techniques
iconic traces
organizational cues
mnemonic devices
flashbulb memories

mnemonic devices

the peg-word system

Chunking refers to __________

getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery
the organization of information into meaningful units
the unconscious encoding of incidental information
the tendency to recall best the first item in a list
the combined use of automatic and effortful processing to ensure the retention of unfamiliar information

the organization of information into meaningful units

Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of______________

implicit memory
an acronym
iconic memory
the peg-word system
long-term potentiation

an acronym

Akila went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Akila made effective use of _______________

the spacing effect
hierarchical organization
automatic processing
the peg-word system
implicit memory

hierarchical organization

The statement, "The haystack was important because the cloth ripped," becomes easier to understand and recall when you are given the following prompt: "A parachutist." This best illustrates the influence of _____________

chunking
parallel processing
sensory memory
sematic encoding
mnemonic devices

sematic encoding

Although Mr. Kameda has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his ___________

brainstem
cerebellum
hypothalamus
hippocampus
motor cortex

hippocampus

Cerebellum is to _____________ memory as hippocampus is to ____________ memory

short-term; long-term
long-term; short-term
implicit; explicit
explicit; implicit
iconic; echoic

implicit; explicit

Which of the following offers the best explanation for infantile amnesia?

The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature
The emotional reactivity of infants inhibits the process of encoding
The accumulation of life experiences disrupts the retrieval of early life events
Iconic memories last for less than a second in infants
Birth trauma prevents explicit encoding

the hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature

Conscious memory of factual information is called _____________ memory

proactive
procedural
explicit
implicit
iconic

explicit

Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by ______________

retrieval cues
the serial position effect
source amnesia
the body's release of stress hormones
long-term potentiation

the body's release of stress hormones

By shrinking the hippocampus, prolonged stress is most likely to inhibit the process of ___________

source misattribution
proactive interference
long-term memory formation
repression
mood-congruent memory

long-term memory formation

The quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a(n) _________________

flashbulb memory
spacing effect
mnemonic device
memory trace
iconic memory

memory trace

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as _______________

chunking
the serial position effect
automatic processing
long-term potentiation
proactive interference

long-term potentiation

An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized?

recall
relearning
recognition
misinformation
reconstruction

recognition

The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ______________ effect

serial position
misinformation
mnemonic
priming
spacing

serial position

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called ___________

retrieval cues
deja vu
iconic traces
context effects
schemas

retrieval cues

Reading a romantic novel caused Claudia to recall some old experiences with a high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Claudia's memory retrieval is an illustration of ____________

priming
chunking
source amnesia
automatic processing
the spacing effect

priming

Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by __________

the misinformation effect
context effects
source amnesia
semantic encoding
flashbulb memory formation

context effects

Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he is ______________

depressed
happy
relaxed
unemotional
excited

depressed

To prevent encoding failure you should ____________

avoid source amnesia
limit parallel processing
engage in effortful processing
stop long-term potentiation
encourage priming

engage in effortful processing

Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially _____________

slow and subsequently stays slow
slow and subsequently speeds up
rapid and subsequently stays rapid
rapid and subsequently slows down
steady and subsequently speeds up

rapid and subsequently slows down

Based on Herman Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" how will your memories for psychological concepts change?

I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years.
Memory loss will occur slowly, so I should be able to remember most psychological concepts for many years
Retroactive interference will hinder my ability to recall psychological concepts as new information blocks my recall
Over time the misinformation effect will increase the likelihood that I will forget the psychological concepts that I have learned
I will forget psychological concepts soon after learning them, unless priming occurs.

I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years

When Jake applied for a driver's license, he was embarrassed by a momentary inability to remember his address. Jake's memory difficulty most likely resulted from a(n) ____________ failure.

rehearsal
storage
encoding
retrieval
automatic processing

retrieval

Professor Sharapova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates ____________

retroactive interference
mood-congruent memory
proactive interference
the spacing effect
source amnesia

proactive interference

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of _____________

encoding failure
source amnesia
retroactive interference
proactive interference
automatic processing

retroactive interference

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve ____________

encoding failure
repression
implicit memory loss
the hippocampus
interference

interference

You took Spanish during your sophomore year, and French during your junior year. Happily, you found that knowing Spanish helped you learn French. This phenomenon is best explained by ________________

proactive interference
memory construction
source amnesia
the spacing effect
positive transfer

positive transfer

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates ______________

source amnesia
proactive interference
the serial position effect
motivated forgetting
priming

motivated forgetting

Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves _______________

source amnesia
retroactive interference
memory decay
repression
long-term potentiation

repression

Which of the following best describes the position of many current researchers regarding repression?

Repressed memories protect our self-concept and minimize anxiety
Only implicit memories are repressed into unconsciousness
Repression rarely occurs as it is difficult to forget emotional material
Repressed memories, once out of consciousness, are not harmful
The activity of the hippocampus leads to repression

repression rarely occurs as it is difficult to forget emotional material

Deja vu refers to the __________

emotional arousal produced by events that prime us to recall associated events
tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with our current mood
unconscious activation of particular associations in memory
eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event
involuntary activation of the hippocampus

eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event

As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current expectations. This best illustrates ___________

implicit memory
proactive interference
the spacing effect
memory construction
serial position effect

memory construction

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that _____________

omitted some of the most painful aspects of the event
were more accurate than the memories of observers who had not been immediately questioned about what they saw.
were influenced by whether Loftus and Palmer identified themselves as police officers
portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been
demonstrated repression of significant aspects of the accident

portrayed the event as more serious than it has actually been

After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of ________________

proactive interference
the serial position effect
state-dependent memory
the self-reference effect
the misinformation effect

the misinformation effect

When Hailey told her roommate about the chemistry test she had just completed, she knowingly exaggerated its difficulty. Subsequently, her memory of the test was that it was as difficult as she had reported it to be. This best illustrates ____________

flashbulb memory
the misinformation effect
mood-congruent memory
the self-reference effect
proactive interference

the misinformation effect

Marci vividly remembered winning a stuffed animal at a carnival game when she was a child. However, when she mentioned this to her parents, she was told that the event never occurred. Marci's experience may have been influenced by __________

retroactive interference
implicit memories
mood-congruent memories
parallel processing
imagination inflation

imagination inflation

As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates ______________

the self-reference effect
mood-congruent memory
source amnesia
implicit memory
proactive interference

source amnesia

Compared with false memories, true memories are more likely to ______________

persist over time
have emotional overtones
contain detailed information
be reported with confidence
feel vivid and compelling

contain detailed information

With respect to the controversy regarding reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, statements by major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that ________________

the accumulated experiences of our lives are all preserved somewhere in our minds
the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously forgotten
repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early childhood abuse
professional therapists can reliably distinguish between their clients' true and false childhood memories
adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable

adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable

Stressful life experiences such as being raped are not likely to be ___________

encoded
repressed
stored
retrieved
recalled

repressed

Compared with adults, children are more susceptible to ___________

long-term potentiation
automatic processing
the misinformation effect
proactive interference
the self-reference effect

the misinformation effect

When children are interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially credible if _____________

they are asked specific, detailed questions about the issue rather than more general, open-ended questions
after responding to an interviewer, they are repeatedly asked the same question they just answered
they use anatomically correct dolls to indicate if and where they had been physically touched
involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview
they express strong feelings about the memories and seem convinced that the memories are accurate

involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview

Speed-reading complex material yields little long-term retention because it inhibits _______________

the serial position effect
retroactive interference
the next-in-line effect
proactive interference
rehearsal

rehearsal

People should avoid back-to-back study times for learning Spanish and French vocabulary in order to minimize ________________

the self-reference effect
long-term potentiation
mood-congruent memory
interference
echoic memory

interference

When first introduced to someone, Marcellus effectively remembers the person's name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcellus makes use of a strategy called ______________

chunking
automatic processing
mnemonics
the serial position effect
rehearsal

rehearsal

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

schema
heuristic
cognition
syntax
language

cognition

When we use the word "automobile" to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n) ___________

mental set
heuristic
concept
algorithm
phoneme

concept

When someone mentions Ivy League colleges, Trisha immediately thinks of Harvard University. In this instance, Harvard University is a ____________

fixation
algorithm
heuristic
prototype
mental set

prototype

Christmas is to holiday as ___________ is to ___________.

category; prototype
availability heuristic; representativeness heuristic
algorithm; heuristic
prototype; category
intuition; belief perseverance

prototype; category

Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish __________

hierarchy
heuristic
algorithm
prototype
fixation

prototype

Daniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter "d". To complete this task Daniel would rely on ___________

divergent thinking
framing
convergent thinking
belief perseverance
the availability heuristic

divergent thinking

Scotty worked to find the solution to a long-division problem. In solving the problem, Scotty would engage in _______________

framing
divergent thinking
confirmation bias
convergent thinking
belief perseverance

convergent thinking

The components of creativity include __________

impulsivity and empathy
expertise and a venturesome personality
competitiveness and dogmatism
imagination and extrinsic motivation
competitiveness and empathy

expertise and a venturesome personality

Whenever Arlo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This best illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by ___________

belief perseverance
divergent thinking
the representativeness heuristic
confirmation bias
extrinsic motivation

extrinsic motivation

In testing thousands of different materials for use as lightbulb filaments, Thomas Edison best illustrated a problem-solving approach known as ______________

the representativeness heuristic
trial and error
fixation
the confirmation bias
belief perseverance

trial and error

A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of _____________

the availability heuristic
belief perseverance
an algorithm
the representativeness heuristic
fixation

an algorithm

In trying to figure out how to copy and paste an item into a document, Arlene could try all possible key combinations or she could check the pull-down menus, a much faster way to solve her problem. Arlene is relying on _____________

prototypes
heuristics
phonemes
algorithms
fixations

heuristics

After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates _______________

the belief perseverance phenomenon
the availability heuristic
insight
a mental set
the framing effect

insight

Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Vedder, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior, Mrs. Vedder's surveillance strategy best illustrates _____________

the availability heuristic
confirmation bias
intuition
the representativeness heuristic
the framing effect

confirmation bias

Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the effects of ____________ on
problem solving.

fixation
heuristics
algorithms
framing
overconfidence

fixation

A mental set is a __________

methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems
mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people
tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past
group of conclusions derived from certain assumptions or general principles
specific way an issue is described that can significantly alter decisions

tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past

Which of the following best illustrates confirmation bias?

Roger can't find his 1-cup measuring cup and fails to realize he could use a tea cup
Jeannette refuses to fly after seeing a news story about a recent plane crash
Brett believes he is an outstanding driver, although most people are average
A radio advertisement for a fast-food chain claims its hamburgers are made with 80% lean ground beef instead of saying 20% fat.
Asked to write an opinion paper on capital punishment, MacKenzie primarily searches for evidence that supports her opposition to the practice

asking to write an opinion paper on capital punishment

The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a truck driver illustrates the use of ____________

the availability heuristic
confirmation bias
the framing effect
belief perseverance
the representativeness heuristic

the representative heuristic

Vishant overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of ____________.

overconfidence
fixation
the representativeness heuristic
confirmation bias
the availability heuristic

the availability heuristic

Lyle was asked if more words start with the letter "r" or have "r" as the third letter. Since he could think of more words that started with "r", he concluded that must be the correct answer. Lyle's reasoning best illustrates ___________

the representativeness heuristic
confirmation bias
a mental set
the availability heuristic
a fixation

the availability heuristic

Although Burt was certain that he answered between 70 and 80 items correctly on his biology test, he actually was right on only 55 items. Burt's misjudgment of his test performance illustrates _______________

the representativeness heuristic
confirmation bias
the belief perseverance phenomenon
the framing effect
overconfidence

overconfidence

Despite overwhelming and highly publicized evidence that Senator McEwan was guilty of serious political corruption and misconduct, many who had supported her in past elections remained convinced of her political integrity Their reaction best illustrates _____________

fixation
the representativeness heuristic
belief perseverance
the availability heuristic
the framing effect

belief perserverance

On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20% chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80% chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates the impact of ___________

confirmation bias
the belief perseverance phenomenon
overconfidence
the representativeness heuristic
the framing effect

the framing effect

In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called _____________

mental sets
phonemes
algorithms
intuitions
heuristics

intuitions

Language refers to the _____________

smallest distinctive sound units
rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning
rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes
ways we think about solving problems and communicating those solutions, including framing the issues.

spoke, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning

The smallest distinctive sound unit of a language is a _____________

prototype
phenotype
morpheme
phoneme
babble

phoneme

Morphemes are ___________

the smallest speech units that carry meaning
the best examples of particular categories of objects
the smallest distinctive sound units of a language
rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences
genetic road maps that lead to insight

the smallesdt speech units that carry meaning

The system of rules in a language that enables us to understand and communicate with others is called ____________

an algorithm
telegraphic speech
grammar
a heuristic
morphemes

grammar

Semantics refers to the ______________

logical and methodical procedures for solving problems
orderly arrangment of words into grammatically correct sentences
simple thinking strategies that facilitate quick decision making
rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences
typical schemes we use to form concepts

rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences

To combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, we need to apply proper rules of ____________

semantics
syntax
nomenclature
phonics
phonemes

syntax

Word meaning is to word order as __________ is to __________

concept; prototype
phoneme; grammar
morpheme; phoneme
semantics; syntax
nomenclature; semantics

semantics; syntax

Mentally segmenting other's spoken sounds into individual words best illustrates a 7-month-old's capacity for __________

telegraphic speech
receptive language
fixation
productive language
babbling

receptive language

Using barely recognizable syllables to communicate meaning best illustrates a 12-month-old's developing capacity for ___________

syntax
telegraphic speech
productive language
the representativeness heuristic
babbling

productive language

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by __________

an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules
their ability to imitate the words and grammar modeled by parents
the learned association of word sounds with various objects, events, actions, and qualities
the positive reinforcement that adults give children for speaking correctly
operant and classical conditioning techniques

an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules