Sport Psych Exam 3

Imagery

creating or re-creating an experience in the mind.

- recalling from memory pieces of information stored from experience and shaping these pieces into meaningful images

These pieces are essentially a product of your memory, experienced internally through the recall and reconstruction of previous events.

what are vicarsous experiences?

modeling

what does our attention depend on?

respect for the person observed, interest in the activity, and how well we can see and hear.

kinesthetic sense

the sense of body position and movement of body parts relative to each other

visual sense

sense of sight

olfactory sense

sense of smell

auditory sense

sense of hearing

what is important besides senses in imagery?

attaching moods to experiences
recreating thoughts and situations

Cumming and Williams (2012) Imagery Process

1. Modality.

2. Perspective

3. Angle.

4. Agency.

5. Deliberation.

modality in imagery

The senses used in imagery—auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, and kinesthetic

perspective in imagery

The visual perspective taken—first person (internal) or third person (external)

angle in imagery

The viewing angle when imaging from
an external perspective—above, behind, front, or side

agency in imagery

The author or agent of the behavior being imagined—one's self or another person

deliberation of imagery

The degree to which imagery is deliberate or spontaneous (i.e., triggered)

what are the uses of imagery in sport?

improve concentration
enhance motivation
build confidence
control emot response
acquire, practice, and correct sport skills
cope w injury

when is imagery practiced?

before competition
before, after, during practice
outside of practice
injury

Anecdotal reports

people's reports of isolated occurrences

what is evidence of imagery's effectiveness?

anecdotal reports
case studies
psycholoical intervention packages

psychological intervention packages

Approaches that use a variety of psycho-logical interventions (e.g., self-talk, relaxation, concentration training) along with imagery.

what are the functions of imagery?

motivational and cognitive

What do athletes image?

-surroundings
-possible outcomes

what are aspects of imagery?

1. surroundings in which the athlete competes

2. the positive or negative character of images

3. the types of imagery (visual, kinesthetic, auditory, and olfactory)

4. perspective (internal vs. external) the athlete takes in creating imagery.

what is the nature of imagery?

pos or neg

when are positive images mostly reported?

during practices
precompetition

what are negatives of imagery?

anxiety
directs attention away
failure/mistakes
overconfident/cocky

what types of imagery are used most often?

visual and kinesthetic

internal imagery

imagine the execution of a skill from your own perspective

what is general motivational imagery?

arousal

what is specfic motivational imagery?

goal oriented responses

what is general cognitive imagery?

strategy

what is specfic cognitive imagery?

skills

external imagery

you view yourself from the perspective of an outside observer

when do athletes usually use a specfic perspective?

external imagery-acquisition and performance of skills that depend heavily on form for successful execution

internal perspective-superior for the acquisition and performance of tasks that depend heavily on perception and anticipation for successful execution

what effects imagery?

nature of task
skill level of performer
imaging ability
personality

psychoneuromuscular theory/ideomotor theory

Imagery programs muscles for action.
Imagery facilitates the learning of motor skills because imagined events innervate the muscles as physical practice of the movement does; they strengthen neural pathways.

symbolic learning theory

imagery may function as a coding system to help people understand and acquire movement patterns

Bioinformational Theory

Images are made of stimulus and response propositions.
It is critical to imagine not only stimulus propositions (statements that describe the scenario to be imagined) but also response propositions (imaginer's response to the scenario).

Stimulus propositions

describe features of the scenario to be imagined

Response propositions

imaginer's response to the scenario

Triple Code Model of Imagery

3 impacts of imagery

1. The picture itself, an interior feeling which is symbolic of the exterior world

2. somatic reaction, which is the psychophysiological reaction to the picture

3. connotation of the picture that is unique to the person

attention-arousal set

d argues that imagery functions as a preparatory set that assists in achieving an optimal arousal level

what are components to good imagery?

vividness
controllability

what is the first step to creating imagery training?

evaluate the athlete's or student's current level of imagery skill

PETTLEP Model of Imagery

Physical nature of the movement
Specifics of the environment
Task type
Timing of the movement
Learning the content of the movement
Emotion (meaning to the individual)
Perspective (internal vs. external)

how often should imagery be practiced?

3-4 times/week
15-30 min

trait self-confidence

the degree of certainty individuals usually have about their ability to succeed

state self-confidence

the belief of certainty that individuals have at a particular moment about their ability to succeed

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.

Negative self-fulfilling prophecy

psychological barrier whereby the expectation of failure leads to actual failure

self confidence

the belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior

robust self confidence

A set of enduring yet malleable positive beliefs that protect against the ongoing psychological and environmental challenges associated with competitive sport.

Robust Self-Confidence Characteristics

1. Multi-Dimensional -- types - abilities, physical and mental preparation, etc.

2. Malleable - ability to bounce back after a set-back

3. Durable - long-lasting, change-resistant

4. Developed - aged, can grow stronger

5. Protective - buffer against debilitating factors

6. Strong Beliefs - underline belief that you can do it (borderline arrogance)

Levels of Confidence

-optimal
-lack
-overconfidence

Skewed Inverted U Confidence-Performance Relationship

strive for optimal confidence level but sometimes become over or under confident

construct of sport confidence

vaires on contiunum- more trait like to more state like

what is coaches expectations based on?

personal cues
performance information

athlete performance cycle

expectations
influence behaviors
affect performance

self-efficacy theory

individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task

Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

self-regulatory efficancy

focuses more on one's ability to overcome obstacles to successful performance

learning efficacy

belief in the ability to learn a new skill

decision making effiacy

beliefs that they are competent decision makers

coping efficacy

individuals beliefs in their ability to cope in the face of perceived threats

self presentational efficacy

Confidence in one's ability to successfully present a desired image to others.

vicarious experiences (modeling)

seeing others or modeling influences efficacy

what determines self efficacy

performance and exercise behavior

Four-Stage Modeling Process

1. attention

2. retention

3. motor reproduction

4. motivation

retention

must commit observations to memory

motor reproduction

the process of imitating the model's actions, coordinate muscle actities with thoughts

mastery

developing and improving skills

modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

what are components of modeling?

model similaity
coach models
virtual models
self modeling

Building coaching efficacy (5 C's)

Commitment
Communication
Concentration
Control
Confidence

collective efficacy

perception that with collaborative effort our group will obtain its desired outcome


each ind perception of efficany of team as a whole

building team efficacy

Before competition: Focus on developing joint perceptions of capabilities and fitness to manage the upcoming competition in a successful manner.

During competition: Focus on getting team members believing in one another right before and during the game.

After competition: Develop intra-team interpretations of experiences of the game.

subjective goals

General statements of intent such as having fun or doing your best

objective goals

Attaining a specific standard of proficiency on a task, usually in a specified time

outcome goals

focus on a competitive result of an event

performance goals

Focus on achieving standards of performance or objectives independently of other competitors—usually making comparisons with one's own previous performance

process goals

focus on the actions an individual must engage in during performance to execute or perform well

what does motivation depend on?

goal setting

Importance of Subjective Goals

• particularly applicable in personal productivity and business management

• identify and clarify personal values and priorities via subjective goals

• then link subjective goals to specific goals -- these make you figure out priorities

goal setting research in meta analysis

goal setting works to enhance performance and physical activity of behavior

what are top three goals of athletes?

1. improving performance

2. winning

3. enjoyment

gender and goal setting

women set more goals and find them more effective

what type of goal setting do coaches perfer?

performance and process goals

what is most important aspect of goal commitment?q

personal enjoyment

Why does goal setting work?

-Directs attention to specific elements of skill
-Increases the development of new learning strategies -Mobilizes effort
-Fosters persistence at the task
-Indirectly influences confidence, arousal levels, and satisfaction

mastery approach

working to attain something of self-determined intrinsic value

mastery avoidance

Working to avoid an outcome that threatens self-worth

performance approach

try to surpass the performance of peers to enhance own self-worth

performance avoidance

desire to not look bad

principles of goal setting

Set specific goals.
Set moderately difficult but realistic goals.
Set long- and short-term goals.
Set performance and process goals as well as outcome goals.
Set practice and competition goals.
Record goals.
Develop goal achievement strategies.
Consider participants' personalities and motivations.
Foster an individual's goal commitment.
Provide goal support.
Provide evaluation of and feedback about goals.

hope

overall perception that goals can be met and they have the skills to go about achieving them

relationship between high hope and determination

planning ways to meet goals or labeled pathways

wish power

identifying dream goals

want power

realistic short and long term goals that lead to one's dream goal

way power

Developing multiple plans and strategies for achieving one's goals

will power

the capacity to override and alter undesirable responses

what are group goals?

the future state of affairs desired by enough members of a group to work toward its achievement