(Don't Know) Skeletal System

What are the functions of the skeletal systems?

Framework for body

Protects vital organs

Movements/anchorage of muscles

Mineral storage (calcium)

Production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)

What are the bone classifications?

flat, long, short, irregular, sesamoid

Flat bone examples

ribs, cranium

Long bone examples

arm and leg bones

short bone examples

wrist and ankle bones

irregular bone examples

spinal column, facial bones

sesamoid bone examples

patella

What are the two types of bone tissue?

compact and spongy

what is bone tissue called?

osseous

Description of compact bone

makes up the shaft of long bones and outer layer of other bones

Diaphysis

shaft of long bone

Is compact bone hard or soft?

hard and dense

Description of spongy bone

Small, bony plates with trabeculae and found at the end of long bones and at the center of other bones

trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

red marrow

thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation

What is spongy bone filled with?

red bone marrow

epiphysis

end of long bones

hematopoiesis

production of blood cells

Where is yellow marrow found?

found in the medullary cavity of long bones

What does yellow marrow produce?

produces fat

What are the membranes of the bone?

periosteum and endosteum

What is the endosteum?

thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

What does the endosteum contain?

osteoclasts

What does the osteoclasts do?

contain cells that break down bone

What is the periosteum?

membrane that surrounds the outside of the bone

What cell does the periosteum contain?

osteoblasts

What does the osteoblasts do?

contain cells that build bone

What is the structure of compact bone?

Osteons, osteocytes, canaliculi, Volkman's canals

What are osteons?

structural unit of compact bone that run lengthways and are made up of Central canal

What do the central canal contain?

blood vessels

What is the lamellae?

rings around the central canal, sites of lacunae

what are osteocytes?

mature bone cells

What are the canaliculi?

tiny canals connecting the lacunae with each other

What is the Volkman's canals?

cross channels connecting with the central canal and carry blood vessels (run through horizontally)

When does ossification begin?

embryonic development 8 weeks

What is the process of bone formation?

1. produce collagen for structure
2. minerals such as calcium and phosphate from the blood are deposited in the matrix
3. cartilage becomes ossified/calcified forming the hardened matrix
4. osteoblasts are surrounded and trapped in the matrix and become osteocytes

Where does ossification of cartilage occur?

at the epiphyseal plate

What happens when there is no cartilage left?

The epiphyseal line forms and remains there

What does remodelling of the bone do?

Remodelling is repairing Ca +2 and adjusting the bone

Where does remodelling occur?

diaphysis

What do osteoclasts do during remodelling?

They remove old bone and release Ca 2+

What do osteoblasts do during bone remodelling?

They produce new bone

How does bone remodelling and growth happen?

All affected by hormones and nutrition

What are the bone markings for projections?

head, process, crest, spine

What are the bone markings for depressions?

foramen, sinus, fossa, meatus

What are the Division of the Skeleton?

Axial and Appendicular

What is the axial bones made up of ?

skull and trunk of body

What is the appendicular bones made up of ?

upper and lower extremities

What does the the skull house?

Cranium to protect the brain and facial bones to support the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth

What are the special features of the skull/cranium?

Sinuses which are hollow spaces within the cranial bones and sutures which are immovable joints between the bones of the skull

What is the parietal bone?

sides of cranium

What is the frontal bone?

bone of the forehead

What is the occipital bone?

back of skull

What is the temporal bone?

forms lower sides of cranium and part of cranial floor

What does the temporal bone contain?

external auditory meatus, mastoid process, zygomatic arch

What is the sphenoid bone?

floor of the skull

what is the styloid process?

A narrow projection of bone that passes downward

What is the maxilla?

upper jaw bone

What is the mandible?

lower jaw bone

What is the zygomatic bones ?

cheek bones

What is the ethmoid?

front floor of the cranium, nasal septum, medial orbit wall

What is the vomer?

lower back of the nasal septum

What is the lacrimal?

Medial wall of the eye socket and side walls of the nasal cavity

What is the nasal bones?

bridge of nose

What is the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?

cavity for pituitary gland

What is the palatine bone?

back roof of the mouth, the walls of the nasal cavity and lower orbit

What is the occipital condyle?

bony process that connects skull to the vertebrae

What is the foramen magnum?

Opening for the spinal cord

What is the Hyoid bone?

has no direct bone attachment to the skull however attachment point for tongue muscles and neck muscles to elevate the larynx during speech and swallowing

What is the spinal column made up of?

vertebrae separated from each by intervertebral disks

What are the intervertebral disks?

They are pads of cartilage

What are the 5 sections of the cervical vertebrae

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

How many bones make up the cervical vertebrae?

7

How many bones make up the thoracic vertebrae?

12

How many bones make up the lumbar vertebrae?

5

How many bones make up the sacrum?

5

How many bones make up the coccyx?

4

What are the 4 basic parts of a vertebrae?

Body, arch, processes, and foramen

Describe the 4 basic parts of each of the vertebrae

1. body is the weight bearing portion
2. arch surrounds the vertebrae while the spinal cord runs through
3. Processes there are 2 the transverse process that extend laterally from sides of the arch and the spinous process that projects dorsally
4. Foramen is a opening and there are 2 the vertebrae foramen and intervertebral foramen where the nerves run through to the spinal cord

How many ribs are there?

12 pairs

What are the true ribs and how many are there?

True ribs have a direct attachment to the sternum and there are 7

What are the false ribs and how many are there?

False ribs have 3 that attach to the sternum by costal cartilage and 2 floating ribs that do not attach to the sternum

What are the parts of the Sternum?

clavicular notch, manubrium, sternal angle, body, xiphoid process

What is the clavicle?

Collar bone

Where does the sternal end of the clavicle attach?

manubrium

Where does the acromial end of the clavicle attach?

scapula

What is the Scapula?

shoulder blade

What are the arm bones?

humerus, radius, ulna

What are the wrist bones and how many are there?

carpal and there are 8

What are the hand bones called and how many are there?

metacarpal bones, 5

What are the finger bones called and how many of them in the hand?

phalanges, 14

What is the pelvic girdle?

hip bones

What is the pelvic girdle made up of?

2 coxal bones

Why is the pelvic girdle so strong?

To support the upper torso

What is the ilium?

uppermost and largest bone of the pelvic

What are the parts of the pelvic girdle?

ilium, iliac crest, ischium, pubis, pubis symphysis, pelvic inlet, acetabulum

What is the upper leg bones called?

Femur

What is the socket that forms the hip joint called?

acetabulum

What is the knee cap called?

patella

What is the lower leg bones called?

Tibia and Fibula