Drugs part 2

What do Depressants do to the CNS

Depress

Depressants have a widespread effect on the brain (more than stimulants)

true

What do sedative depressants treat

anxiety

What do hypnotics depressants treat?

Insomnia

In 1903 Barbiturates got grouped by the duration of action

true

Duration of action: what are short-acting and rapid onset barbiturates

used to induce sleep at high doses

Duration of action: what are long-acting and delayed onset barbiturates

treat anxiety in low doses

Barbiturates concerns

1. OD deaths due to respiratory system depression
2. Addiction/Dependence Especially with Short-Acting

What are the three types of Inhalants?

1. Gaseous anesthetics (ex: laughing gas)
2. Nitrates (ex: cleaning products)
3. Volatile solvents

What is Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB)?

* Occurs naturally in our brain and body


* Similar structure to GABA
* Used as a “date rape” drug

What is used as a date rape drug?

Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB)

What is GHB’s structure similar to?

Similar structure to GABA

GHB MOA (mechanism of action)

Binds to GABA receptors

Alcohol MOA (mechanism of action)

\-Blocks signals between neurons= no communication

\-binds to acetylcholine, GABA, serotonin, and NDMA receptors

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THC MOA (mechanism of action)

Barbiturates NS Effect

Depresses CNS

Barbiturates Absorb

IV, oral

Barbiturates HL

Varies (not tested)

Barbiturates Eliminate

Long-acting: excretion=25-50%

Short-acting: almost completely metabolized

GHB NS effect

\
Lowers CNS

GHB absorb

Oral

GHB HL

30-60 mins

GHB Eliminate

Excretion\~5%

Metabolized\~ 95%

Alcohol NS Effect

Depresses CNS

Alcohol Absorb

Oral and novel ways

Alcohol HL

\~4-5 hours

Alcohol Eliminate

Metabolized \~90%

Excretion\~10%

Mostly urine but also sweat and breath

Alcohol=ethanol

true

Alcohol by volume (ABV) equals

percentage of ethanol content

Proof = 2x the ABV

Ex// 20% ABV=40 proof

Serving size: Beer

12oz 5% alc

Serving size: Wine

5oz 12% alc

Serving size

= 0.6 oz pure ethanol

distilled spirits

1\.5oz (80 proof)

1oz

100 proof

At the time of the American Revolution, people were drinking more alcohol than water because it was safer

true

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½ of alcohol is consumed by 10% of drinkers

true

6 ways of Novel alcohol consumption?

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1. Butt chugging
2. Eyeballing
3. Soaked tampon (vagina or anus)
4. Vaporized and smoked
5. Snorting
6. IV

Reasons Novel alcohol consumption are more dangerous than oral consumption:

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Lack of control (how much, how quickly)

Circumvents bodily messaging (can’t throw it up)

when is Vomiting triggered at?

.12 BAC

when is vomiting inhibited at?

.20 BAC

BAC means?

blood alcohol concentration

alc metabolized at a rate of roughly what?

.25-.3oz per hour (Regardless of what BAC is/ \*Almost nothing speeds this up)

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Behavioral Effects of alcohol

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1. Increases interest but decreases physiological arousal
2. Risky sexual behavior
3. Blackouts
4. Crime and violence correlated with alcohol


1. stats


1. ½ homicides involve alcohol
2. 1/3 of suicides involve alcohol


1. Second only to depression
3. 1/3 of sexual assaults involve alcohol
4. 2/3 of domestic violence situations involve alcohol

% of homicides involve alcohol?

1/2

% of suicides involve alcohol

1/3 (Second only to depression)

what % sexual assaults involve alcohol?

1/3 of sexual assaults involve alcohol

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what % of domestic violence situations involve alcohol?

2/3 of domestic violence situations involve alcohol

Opioid?

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drug derived from opium or synthetic drug with opium like effects

what does opiod come from?

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* Papaver Somniferum plant
* \
* Opium harvested as a gummy substance

What is opium harvested as?

a gummy substance

Did opiod have early medy uses with a long history of 6000 years? What was it used for ?

yes it did and it was used for dysentery and pain and suffering

When was the first writing of a opioid addiction ?

1000 AD

What doe opium have naturally?

Morphine and Codeine

When was morphine isolated as a primary active ingredient in opium?

1806

When was Codeine isolated as a secondary active ingredient in opium?

1832

what is semisynthetic?

part natural and part synthetic

What is a drug that is semisynthetic?

Heroin - 2 acetyl groups added to morphine

How many acetyl groups does heroin have and what is it added to?

2; morphine

When was heroin created?

1872

What is a synthetic drug?

fentanyl

Whatis 10x more potent than opium?

morphine

What is 3x more potent than morphine?

heroin

what is 100x more potent than morphine?

fentanyl

How many pain receptors are in the brain for opiods?

3

What are the three opioid pain receptors in our brain called?

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Mu Kappa Delta

What does the opioid pain receptor Mu do in our brain?

Pain

What does the opioid pain receptor Kappa do in our brain?

Kappa: pain

What does the opioid pain receptor Delta do in our brain?

Delta: pain but only chronic

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What is Narcan?

Opioid antagonist

* Pushes the opioid off of the receptors

Is narcan temporary?

yes, the person still requires medical care and might require more than one dose

What are the 2 strains of cannabis:

1. Sativa- higher THC than CBD
2. Indica\~equal ratio of thc/cbd

Sativa has higher THC than ____

CBD

Indica has equal ratio of ?

THC/CBD

What is the primary psychoactive ingredient in cannabis?

THC

Is CBD psychoactive?

no

The highest concentrations of THC are in the trichomes (most abundant in female plant)

true

How many chemicals in cannabis ?

400+ and 100+ are unique to cannabis they are known as cannabinoids

When was the earliest medical mention of cannabis?

2737 B.C in a chinese pharmacy book

is it true or false Cannabis : 1000 AD discussion of widespread social use?

true

When is THC inhalation peak effects?

15-30 min

When is THC ingestion/oral peak effects?

2-3 hr

THC HL?

19 hours

THC metabolite HL?

50 hrs

After 1 week what % of THC can still remain in body because it has high lipid solubility so it is stored in fat?

25-30%

for THC is a Negligible amount excreted unchanged

yes

FOR THC Metabolized → metabolites how much is excreted?

* 65-85% excreted in feces
* 20-35% urine

Cb1 receptors found throughout brain and nervous system are responsible for what feeling?

Responsible for “high” feeling

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where are CB2 receptors found in? 

immune and GI cells

Little consensus in scientific literature about THC except for what?

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* Increased appetite

who was the first to legalize medical marijuana and what year?

cali in 1996

how many states have now legalized medical marijuana 

37 states

what state to first to legalize marijuana and what year?

colorado; 2012

how many states have legalized recreational marijuana

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22 states

what is Federal policy for THC?

it is a schedule 1 drug (illicit)

* Does not align with state policy

\*michael pollen

psychedelics

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WHat is Psychometric?

mimics psychosis

Is psychometric Controversial because it perpetuates unhealthy myths (ex: mental illness,dangerousness)

yes it is