Bio Midterm

food web

complex diagram of multiple food chains that interact with each other showing the pathways of energy through an ecosystem

food chain

one singular pathway of energy through an ecosystem

trophic level

the level (amount) of the original energy in an organism that is passed on through consuming prey

detrivores

organisms that eat decaying material (ex. bacteria and fungi)

producers

organisms that can produce their own food and are often at the bottom of the food chain

consumers

organisms that get their energy by consuming (eating) other organisms

water cycle

movement of water through 4 things (living things, groundwater, atmosphere, bodies of water) \[evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation\]

evaporation

water converting from liquid to gas from heat and enters the atmosphere

transpiration

plants take water in through roots and release it through leaves (another kind of evaporation)

condensation

water vapor becomes clouds in the atmosphere

precipitation

water leaves the atmosphere and comes back down towards earth (rain, snow, hail, etc)

carbon cycle

exhale carbon, plants take it and make oxygen, allows planet to remain habitable \n - burning fossil fuels also put carbon into the atmosphere

nitrogen cycle

Bacteria underground turns nitrogen gas into ammonia, which becomes nitrates that get sucked up by plants through their roots. We consume the nitrogen from plants or animals that have eaten them and the nitrogen gets released back into the atmosphere when we die

abiotic

the nonliving factors in an ecosystem

biotic

the living factors in an organism

symbiosis

interaction between organisms (2 types: parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, predator-prey)

parasitism

organisms feed off other organisms. 2 types: endo/ectoparasite

ectoparasite

parasite that lives on the outside of its host

endoparasite

parasite that lives on the inside of its host

mutualism

a relationship where both organisms benefit \n (ex. bees and flowers, bees get food and pollinate the flowers)

commensalism

a relationship where one organisms benefits and the other is not affected \n (ex. euchre fish, they will suction themselves onto other bigger fish to catch a ride this doesn't hurt the bigger fish)

predator-prey relationship

a relationship where one organism eats another for energy

exponential growth (J curve)

when a population grow exponentially

logistical growth (S curve)

when the population rounds off after growing and starts to become more steady

limits on population growth

limited resources, population capacity

factors that can increase population size

stable resources, shelter, variety

limiting factors

no stable food/water sources, no shelter, no variety

biomass

the total mass of all of the living organisms in an ecosystem

density dependent factors

factors that can affect an ecosystem that are based on how dense the area is

density independent factors

factors that do not have to do with how densely populated an area is

niche

an organisms “role” in the ecosystem

organic compounds

compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, while inorganic compounds do not (sugars, nucleic acids, amino acids...)

inorganic compounds

compounds typically found in nonliving things, such as water, salt, and metal oxides

monomer

small simple complex molecule

polymer

complex molecule that are made of multiple monomer, made of repeated, linked units that are either identical or look alike

macromolecules

carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids: make polymers

carbohydrates

macromolecule used to give structure and protection and provide quick energy

CH2O

carbohydrates/simple sugar: 1 carbon, 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen

monosaccharides

simple sugars that are the monomers of carbs

glucose

simple sugar, main short term energy source

fructose

fruit sugar

galactose

milk sugar

polysaccharide

2 monosaccharides joined by a condensation reaction (ex. table sugar)

condensation reaction/ dehydration synthesis

process to link monomers together to become a polymer

cellulose

polysaccharide used in cell walls

chitin

polysaccharide that supports fungus and insects

disaccharides

maltose, sucrose, lactose

lipids

macromolecule to provide long term energy, control water molecules

fatty acids

straight chains of carbon (triglycerides, phospholipids)

triglyceride

complex lipids made of 3 fatty acids and 1 molecule of alcohol glycerol

phospholipid

make up the majority of the cell membrane. They have Polar heads and nonpolar tails.

wax

structural lipid

proteins

structure, speed up reactions, support, transport, communication, movement

amino acid

monomer of protein, 20 types

polymer

many monomers

polypeptides

peptide bond is the bond that forms between multiple amino acids to form a protein

enzymes

speed up chemical reactions

nucleic acid

macromolecule that stores genetic information (CHONP)

hydrophobic

repels water

hydrophilic

attracted to water

mitosis

cell division

smaller cell

bigger surface area to volume ratio (good) \[there is a sufficient size membrane to supply the cell with nutrients\]

bigger cell

smaller surface area to volume ratio (bad) \[there isn't enough cell membrane to supply the large cell with nutrients\]

prokaryotes

cell without nucleus

eukaryotes

cells with a nucleus

cell membrane

the phospholipid bilayer that contains things, like cells, or the organelles of cells (allows molecules to move in and out of the cell through passive transport and active transport)

diffusion

form of passive transport: movement of materials directly through lipid bilayer of cell membrane from high to low concentration

faciliated diffusion

form of passive transport: uses membrane proteins to move materials from high to low concentration

channel proteins

like gates that open letting molecules through (ex. glucose)

ion channels

like tunnels that let molecules in and out (ex.sodium)

osmosis

passive: passing of water through the membrane

aquaporins

transfer water and small solutes

passive transport

transport that doesn’t use energy

active transport

transport that uses energy

sodium-potassium pump

active transport where 3 NA (sodium) get pumped out and 2 K (potassium)

endocytosis

active transport process where cell forms a pouch (vesicle) around the molecules or water and carries it through the membrane into the cell

pinocytosis

cell drinking: form of endocytosis

phagocytosis

cell eating: form of endocytosis

exocytosis

active transport process where cell exports waste by forming a pouch that transports it through the membrane and out of the cell

marker proteins

proteins on the outside of the cell that tell what kind of cell it is

receptor proteins

proteins on the outside shaped like a claw, hold on to molecules and tells the cell whether or not the cell needs more of that specific molecule

protein synthesis

the processes of making more protein molecules, takes place in the ribosomes

nucleus

brain of the cell, contains the DNA and RNA

homeostasis

when the cell is in balance with its surroundings, when it doesn't need to get stuff in our out

equilibrium

end point of diffusion

isotonic

both sides of the cells have an equal concentration of solute to water

turgid

when there is the perfect amount of water in a plant cell to where it is full but won't burst

hypotonic

the rise of the membrane that has more water and less solute,

hypertonic

the side of the membrane with more solute then water

hypertonic solution

the cells shrinks bc all the water is going to try and balance out the solute on the outside of the cell

hypotonic solution

the cell will burst

solvent

the substance that a solute dissolves in

solute

*  the substance that dissolves in a solvent
* __Solute(molecules) dissolves in a Solvent(water)__

turgor pressure

force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall

* Makes the cell wall stiff and rigid
* Allows oxygen in for photosynthesis

chromosomes

are made of two identical halves held together by a centromere

chromatid

each half of the chromosome

chromatin

 loose, spaghetti like form of DNA

**Prokaryote division**

can only divide through binary fission a form of asexual reproduction

**Eukaryote division**

can divide through mitosis or meiosis

**Cell Cycle**

the life cycle of the cell