Psych Midterm Dr. Shadinger

what is consciousness?

the awareness of everything going on around you and inside your mind

alert state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized

waking consciousness

a state with a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity

altered state of consciousness

allows us to focus on one stimulus and block out others, which is necessary to execute controlled or similar actions

selective attention

name some examples of selective attention

focusing on one conversation at a cocktail party

dichotic presentation studies

explain the dichotic presentation studies

there's a male in female voice coming from headphones simultaneously. the brain will only be able to focus on one of the voices at a time. cant process the content of both messages entirely.

when divided tasks can be performed when one or more is automatic (practiced to the point that it requires little concentration or effort) or if they are dissimilar

divided attention

name examples of divided attention

having a conversation while you exercise, tap dancing while teaching

explain the stroop task

reading words spelling colors while the words themselves are another color and vice versa. this demonstrates interference in divided attention

cycle of bodily activity that occurs over 24 hours, also the reason for jet lag

circadian rhythm

what are circadian rhythms controlled by?

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus

what happens if the SCN is deprived of external cues?

the sleep-wake cycle extends to 25 hours

what other factors play a role in circadian rhythm

serotonin and body temperature

what happens when you dont sleep for one night

concentration deteriorates, simple tasks like signing your name become more difficult

as sleep deficit grows, what increases as well?

hand tremors, irritability, and inattention

what happens when you dont sleep for three nights?

microsleeps

explain microsleeps

"zoning out" into a sleep period for several seconds, the brain shifts to a pattern similar to sleep

what happens when you dont sleep for four nights?

paranoia, illusions, and hallucinations

even ____ sleep loss is serious. participants in studies who got six hours of sleep did not realize they weren't functioning at best capacity

moderate

explain the adaptive theory of why we sleep

sleep has survival valure. we are inactive when we would be at the greatest risk and when expending energy would have the lease benefit

explain the restorative theory of why we sleep

sleep allows us to revitalize and repair our bodies (we sleep when were sick)

EEGs reveal two types of sleep. these are..

REM and 4 types of non-REM

explain stage 1

very light sleep

hypnogogic images and hypnic jerks may occur

still partially monitoring the environment around you

when youre just drifting off to sleep

N1

each stage of sleep has a distinctive..

EEG reading

explain stage 2 of sleep

sleep is deeper than stage 1

the EEG looks super active

one no longer responds to their name and doesnt process the environment around them as much

spindles appear in the EEG which inhibit the processing of unnecessary info

N2

explain stages 3 of sleep

deep sleep

spindles disappear and delta waves appear

N3

explain stage 4 of sleep

continuous delta waves on EEG

growth hormone produced, why children sleep way more deeply

N3

disorders not incredibly well understood, genetic and more common in childhood

somnambulism (sleepwalking) and somniloquy sleeptalking)

a rare state of panic and sudden activity, also more common in childhood. should NOT wake up

night terrors

explain REM

where rapid eye movements take place

EEG resembles a waking pattern

90-95% of dreaming occurs

signals from the motor cortex to the body are blocked in order to stop you from enacting your dreams

explain REM rebound

if deprived of REM sleep, a person will spend extra time in REM the next night

explain sleep cycles

for the first two cycles, people progress down to stage four, remain there a while, then return to stage 2 and enter into REM.

what happens in later sleep cycles

stage 4 seldom occurs

amount of REM steadily increases

most get 1.5 hours of REM and stage 4 per night

what are some REM sleep disorders?

nightmares

REM behavior disorder

rare disorder in which the motor cortex messages are not blocked, allowing nightmares to be acted out

REM behavior disorder

inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep. causes may be both psychological and/or physiological

insomnia

breathing stops rapidly while asleep, and the person "awakes" momentarily each time

sleep apnea

what is a common treatment for sleep apnea?

CPAP machines that keep the airway open

sudden and uncontrollable REM sleep attacks during the day that involved brain abnormality

excessive daytime sleepiness

narcolepsy

loss of muscle tone (may be involved with narcolepsy)

cataplexy

what did freud think about dreams?

that they're symbolic of unconscious desires

actual events that occur in dreams

manifest content

unconscious thoughts that create dreams

latent content

explain the activation-synthesis dream theory

dreams are an attempt to make sense of random brain activity

explain the cognitive dream theory

dreams are involuntary attempts at problem solving and play a role in learning

explain the activation-information mode (AIM) dream theory

recent learning experiences influence the interpretation of random brain activity

state of consciousness in which where is relaxation and openness to suggestion

hypnosis

name some factors that affect susceptibility to hypnosis

open to experiences

vivid imagination

become deeply absorbed in books and movies

sustained attention span

ability to filter out distractions

subjects in hypnosis experiments are in control and will not commit acts against their will

coercion

hypnosis may be used to _____ in people responsive

reduce pain

what is one of the controversial claims of hypnosis

memory enhancement

explain the neodissociative theory of hynosis

one part of consciousness separates from the other

accepts suggestions

hypnosis responder

monitors hypnosis but doesnt interfere

hidden observer

explain the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis

people play a role without altering their state of consciousness

alter ones thinking, perception, or memory

psychoactive drugs

a psychological and physical dependence on a substance

addicton

when the mind depends on a drug for a sense of well being

psychological dependence

after repeated use, an increased dosage is needed to adhere the same effect. this is known as..

tolerance

bodys réaction to the absence of a drug

withdrawal

increase the activity of the nervous system

stimulants

name some stimulants

amphetamines

cocaine

nicotine

caffeine

with stimulants, ___ and ____ build quickly

tolerance

dependence

decrease the activity of the nervous system

depressants

name some depressants

alcohol, barbituates, benzodiazepines (valium, xanax, rohypnol)

causes release of excess GABA, which depresses inhibitions and calms anxiety

alcohol

suppress pain by binding to receptors sites for endorphins. name some examples.

narcotics

opium

morphine

heroin

with narcotics, the nervous system slows production of endorphins, so there is no ___ when the drug wears off

protection against pain

induce distorted perceptions and hallucinations

hallucinogen

name some manufactured high hallucinogens

LSD, PCP, ecstasy

name some nonmanufactured high hallucinogens

mescaline and psilocybin

marijuana is what class of drug?

hallucinogen

why is addiction treatment so complex?

physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social factors are all involved

there are many effective addiction treatments, but as many as ___ addicts relapse after rehab

8-10

what is success of addiction treatment predicted by?

length of treatment, stable family, steady employment

a relatively permanent change in behavior, thoughts, or feelings that results from experience

learning

learning about a sequence of stimuli, such that one stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of another

classical conditioning

russian physiologist discovered CC accidentally while studying salivation in dogs

Ivan pavlov

explain pavlov's experiment

food (UCS) causes dogs to salivate (UCR)

bell then food then salivate

eventually, bell (CS) makes dogs salivate (CR)

a stimulus that readily elicits a response

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

response naturally elicited by UCS

unconditioned response

new stimulus that comes to emit a new response

conditioned stimulus (CS)

the response that the CS elicits after conditioning

conditioned response (CR)

what are the keys to CC being effective?

timing and contingency

in referring to timing, the CS should ___ the UCS during an optimal time interval

precede/come before

what does contingency mean when talking about CC effectiveness?

the CS must reliably predict the UCS

what are the phases of CC

aquisition

extinction

learning phase of CC

aquisition

the unlearning phase of CC where the CR weakens or extinguishes

extinction

when does extinction occur?

when the presence of the CS is no longer followed by UCS

does extinction mean the CR has been forgotten?

no

explain spontaneous recovery

the CR will reappear after a rest period

what are the features of CC

generalization and discrimination

when a stimuli similar to the CS elicits the CR. this maximizes our learning experiences

generalization

when the original CS elicits the CR, but similar stimuli do not. refines our learning experiences

discrimination

name some examples of generalization

the dog may also salivate when he hears a doorbell or piano

name an example of discrimination

only liking your moms lasagna

what is predisposition?

being genetically programmed to associate certain CSs and UCSs

explain emotional responses to stimuli and give an example

CSs are highly effective for eliciting emotions such as fear, sorrow, etc.

like thinking of someone when you hear a song

studied the relationship between behaviors and consequences

EL Thorndike