APUSH Unit 6

1865-1898

Mechanization of Agriculture

more machine involvement in farming

Mechanical Reaper, Combine Harvester

machines that helped planting and harvesting crops

Effect: increased production of crops, decreased small farmers

National Grange movement

* bring farmers together for socializing and educating but got political
* defended members against the middleman, trusts, and railroads
* established cooperatives
* granger laws

Granger Laws

* illegal for railroads to fix prices by means of pools
* illegal for railroads to give rebates to privileged customers

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

the Supreme Court said the state can regulate businesses of railroads

supported the grangers

cooperatives

businesses owned and run by the farmers to save the cost charged by middlemen

Farmers’ Alliances

state and regional groups like the Grange that taught about scientific farming and wanted economic and political action

John D. Rockefeller

founded the Standard Oil trust becoming a monopoly

monopoly

a company that dominates a market so that it faces little to no competition

Great American Desert

lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast

Effect of Railroad

* environmental problems
* buffalo herds wiped out
* Native Americans paid human and cultural prices
* did not return huge profit

49ers

people that traveled out to California to find gold

vaqueros

mexican cowboys

effect of barbed wire

* cut off access to open ranges
* ended the cattle drives
* helped farmers fend in their lands

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Homestead Act

1862- encouraged farming on the Great Plains by offering 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for a period of five years

sodbusters

people on the plains that faced challenges like scarcity of water and wood

Joseph Glidden

created Barbed wire

dry-farming

a technique that makes the most out of the moisture available when farmer

Ocala Platform

when farmers created their own political party, calling for reforms:

* direct election of US senators
* lower tariff rates
* graduated income tax
* a new banking system regulated by the federal government

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*The Significance of the Frontier in American History* by Fredrick Jackson Turner

presented the settling of the frontier as an evolutionary process of building civilization

Little Big Horn

when the Sioux destroyed Custer’s command - 1876

Ghost Dances

religiously inspired dances that was believed to return prosperity to American Indians

Wounded Knee

due to a resistance to ghost dancing, the army killed many innocent Native Americans and Sitting Bull was killed

*A Century of Dishonor* by Helen Hunt Jackson

expressed sympathy for American Indians but encouraged assimilation

Dawes Severalty Act

1887 - designed to break up tribal organizations by rewarding citizenship to those who disconnected from their culture and tribe

Santa Fe Trail

overland route between New Mexico and western Missouri opening up southwest to economic development and settlement

effects of deforestation

sparked conservation movement

Yosemite Valley

became state part then national park

Yellowstone area

first national park in 1872

Forest Reserve Act and Forest Management Act

1891, 1897 - withdrew federal timberlands from development and regulated their use

conservationists

believed in scientific management and regulated use of natural resources

preservationists

aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference

Ex. John Muir, Sierra Club

Henry Grady and the *Atlanta Constitution*

argued for economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism

“New South”

Birmingham - steel producers

Memphis

lumber

Richmond

capital of nations tobacco industry

tenant farmers

rented land

sharecroppers

paid for the use of land with a share of the crop

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

ruled that Congress could not ban racial discrimination by private citizens, and businesses

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 - upheld separate but equal accommodations

Jim Crow Laws

required segregated washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and other facilities

examples of voting discrimination

* literacy tests
* poll taxes
* grandfather clauses - grandfather had to vote in elections before reconstruction

Ida B. Wells and *Memphis Free Speech*

against lynching and Jim Crow Laws

International Migration Society

helped Blacks emigrate to Africa

Booker T. Washington

said that virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self-help would empower African Americans more than a political ballot

Atlanta Compromise

a belief that Black and White Southerners shared a responsibility for making their region prosper

W.E.B. DuBois

demanded an end to segregation and the granting of equal civil rights to all Americans

Henry Bessemer

discoverned new process for making large quantities of steel

Examples of new tech

* electric power/lights
* subways
* telephone transatlantic cable
* Kodak Camera
* skyscrapers

consumer economy

culture and economy based on shopping as a pastime

caused by: advertising, mail-order companies, large department stores

American Railroad Association

divided country into four time zones making standard times for all Americans

watering stock

inflating the value of a corporation’s assests and profits vefore selling its stock to the public

J. Pierpont Morgan

banker that took control of bankrupt railroads and consolidated them

Andrew Carnegie

started Carnegie Steel company

trusts

organization or board that manages the assets of other companies

horizontal integration

where one company takes control of all its former competitors in a specific industry

vertical integration

one company takes control of all stages of making a product

holding company

created to own and control diverse companies

Adam Smith and *The Wealth of Nations*

argued businesses following a laissez-faire model is better than mercantilism

social darwinism

survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketplace

Protestant Work Ethic

material success was a sign of God’s favor and a just reward for hard work

self-made men

when a modest man becomes wealthy through honesty, hard work, and luck

iron law wages

argument that raising wages would only increase the working population and the availability of more workers would cause wages to fall

lockout

the act of closing a factory to break a labor movement before it could get organized

blacklist

a roster of the names of pro-union workers that employers circulated so that these people could not find work

Yellow-dog contract

a contract that included as a condition of employment that workers could not join a union

private guards and state militia

forces used by employers to put down strikes

court injunction

judicial action used by an employer to prevent or end a strike

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

when a strike shut down two thirds of the country’s rail lines and federal troops had to end it

craft unions

unions organizers as local associations in one city or region focusing on one type of work

National Labor Union

founded in 1866 as the first attempt to organize all workers in all states with a goal of higher wages, 8 hr day, equal rights for women and African Americans, monetary reform and worker cooperatives

Knights of Labor

began in 1869 as a secret society and when it went public membership included all workers and advocated for a variety of reforms like cooperatives; abolishing child labor, monopolies and trusts; and settling labor disputes peacefully

Haymarket Bombing

when Knights called for a strike in response to May Day movement and violence broke out, blaming anarchists

American Federation of Labor

founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers concentrated on “bread-and-butter unonism” having narrower economic goals specifically for 25 craft unions of skilled workers

Homestead Strike

when Henry Clay Frick cut wages by 20% causing this strike and then using weapons, private guards and strikebreakers to defeat the steelworkers walkouts

Pullman Strike

when Pullman announced a cut in wages and workers appealed for help from the American Railroad Union which said they shouldn’t handle any trains with Pullman cars

pushes and pulls factors of immigration

* poverty of displaced farmworkers driven from the land by political turmoil and the mechanization of farm work
* overcrowding and joblessness in cities
* religious persecution
* political and religious freedom
* economic opportunities

“Old” Immigrants

immigrants that came through the 1880s that were; from northern and western Europe, protestant, had a high level of literacy, and had occupational skills

“New” Immigrants

starting in 1890s and through WW1, immigrants who; came from southern and eastern Europe, were poor, and illiterate

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 act that ended the immigration of people from China

American Protective Association

the largest anti-catholic organization of the 1890s

Contract Labor Law of 1885

restricted temporary workers

political machines

organized groups of politicians who gave orders to the rank and file and doled out government jobs to loyal supporters, influenced immigrants

Ex. Tammany Hall

Settlement houses (Hull House)

provided social services for people in the neighborhood who needed it

taught english to immigrants, education to children, taught industrial arts, neighborhood theaters and music schools

white-collar workers

salaried employees whose jobs generally do not involve manual labor

*Gospel of Wealth* by Carnegie

argued that the wealthy had a moral responsibility to carry out projects of civic philanthropy

“City Beautiful” movement

advanced grand plans to remake American cities with tree-lined boulevards, public parks. and public cultural attractions

Wild West Show

brought urban audiences stereotypes of living out west

Social Gospel

the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems by improving housing, raising wages, and supporting public health measures

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

wanted to secure the vote for women

pioneered by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Antony

Temperance Movement

the idea that no alcohol would help poverty and familities

created the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon League

realism

attempt to express an authentic American style

naturalism

focused on how emotions and experience shaped human experience

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 - required railroad rates to be reasonable and just and set up the Interstate Commerce Commission

Interstate Commerce Commission

had the power to investigate pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices and prosecute companies

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890- prohibited any contract combination in the form of trust or otherwise or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce

United States v. E.C. Knight Co.

1895- ruled that the Antitrust Act could only be applied to commerce not to manufacturing

Pendleton Act

1881 - set up the Civil Service Commission and created a system by which applicants for classified federal jobs would be selected for based on test scores

“soft money”

easy money in circulation wanted by debtors, farmers, and start-up businesses, that wasn’t backed by the gold standard

Panic of 1873

was blamed on the gold standard for restricting the money supply and causing the depression