Units 5-9 APWH

transnational business

A business that operates in several different countries but in one specific country (headquarters), HSBC

social darwinists

applied natural selection to sociology; claimed that dominant races or classes of people rose to the top through a process of "survival of the fittest" (so they were superior)

Rudyard Kipling

summed up social Darwinism in his poem "White Man's Burden"

"White Man's Burden"

idea that Europeans were not only superior, but that they had a moral obligation to dominate other people or teach them how to be more civilized (more like Europeans)

British East India Company

a joint stock company that operated like a multinational corporation with exclusive rights over british trade with india

Robert Clive

led the british east india company in india

Bahadur Shah II

last mughal leader who was sent into exile, ending the mughal empire

Indian National Congress

group of well educated indians formed this to begin the path towards independence

Opium War

Britain and China fought a war over opium trade

Treaty of Nanjing "unequal treaties"

Overwhelmed by Britian's military, china had to sign this during the opium war; gave britain considerable rights to expend trade with china

White Lotus Rebellions

start of internal chinese rebellion led by buddhists who were frustrated over taxes and government corruption

Taiping Rebellion

led by religious zealot claiming to be the brother of jesus; recruited an army and almost succeeded in bringing down the manchu government; rebels failed but china was being destroyed internally and externally at this point

Self-Strengthening Movement

late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders; manchu dynasty tried to get its act together

Sino-French War

the chinese lost contorl of vietnam to the french, who established a colony there called french indochina

Sino-Japanese War

war between China and Japan in which Japan gained Taiwan

Treaty of Shimonoseki

china was forced to hand over control of taiwan and grant japanese trading rights similar to those it had granted europeans

spheres of influence

france, germany, russia, and britain took control over parts of china; not colonies but places wehre powers invested heavily - military bases, set up businesses, transportation, and communications operations

Chinese Exclusion Act

united states had barred the immigration of all chinese laborers in 1882

open door policy

united states pledged its support of the sovereignty of the chinese government and announced equal trading priveleges among all imperial powers

boxers

anti-manchu, anti-european, and anti-christian, the society of righteous and harmonious fists, organized in response to the manchu's government's defeats and concessions to the western powers and japan - goal was to drive europeans and japanese out of china

boxer protocol

China was forced to sign this, which demanded that China not only pay the Europeans and Japanese the costs associated with the rebellion, but also to formally apologize for it as well

Commodore Matthew Perry

from the us, arrived on a steamboat to japan which made them realize that their isolation had resulted in their inability to compete economically and militarily with the industrialized world

treaty of kanagawa

the west won concessions through treaties what grossly favored the us and other countries - led to revolts against shogun who ratified these treaties; restored emperor meiji to power

meiji restoration

ushered in an era of japanese westernization after which japan emerged as a world power; built railways and steamships; samurai warrior class was abolished and universal military service was established

boer war

When boers start to discover gold and diamonds in the Transvaal, the britsh fought a series of wars to gain rights to the resources; they eventually won and south africa was annexed as a part of the ever expanding british empire

muhammad ali

Defeated the French and the Ottomans and gained control of Egypt in 1805.

abbas I

Grandson of Muhammad Ali, under whom Ali's westernization attempts were temporarily halted, but later reinvigorated under subsequent rulers

suez canal

connected the Mediterranean Sea to the indian ocean, eliminaiting the need to go around the cape of good hope; became important to british because they had a colony in india

monroe doctrine

president monroe's declaration that the western hemisphere was offlimits to european aggression

roosevelt corollary to the monroe doctrine

addition to the monroe doctrine which provided that the us would intervene in financial disputes between european powers and countries in the americas if doing so would maintain peace

panama canal

became clear that the us was the us was just exercising its own brand of imperialism in the latin american region when they made panamanians declare independece from colombia just to build this

spanish-american war

spain, which still controlled both cuba and puerto rico, was embroiled in conflict with cuban revolutionaries when the us, who sympathized with the cubans, intervened and launched this

The Enlightenment

movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that focused on the role of humankind in relation to government -\> greatly influenced framers of Constitution

divine right

concept that God ordained monarch's rights to govern and people had a moral and religious obligation to obey them

Mandate of Heaven

emperors believed they were divinely chosen but would be given the authority to rule only as long as they pleased heaven

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

wrote Leviathan, thought that people by nature were greedy and prone to violent warfare, advocated for an all-powerful ruler to preserve peace and stability

John Locke (1632-1704)

wrote the Two Treaties on Government, believed mankind was mostly good, all men are born with natural rights to life liberty and property, people should replace the gov. if it violated these rights

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

argued that all men were equal and that society should be organized according to the general will, or majority rule, of the people, wrote The Social Contract

Voltaire

espoused the idea of religious toleration

Montesquieu

argued for the separation of powers among branches of government

enlightened monarchs

monarchs, like Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of Prussia, who ruled absolutely but tried to tolerate diversity and grant people their natural rights.

Neoclassical Period

began in the middle of the 18th century, imitated the balanced, symmetrical style of ancient Greek and Roman architecture

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

England vs. France, British victory changed the boundaries of the two empires' American possessions, pushing French territory to the north while English territories expanded westward in the Ohio River Valley

George Grenville and Charles Townshend

Passed very unpopular laws on behalf of the British crown, Revenue Act, Stamp Act, and Tea Act intended to raise additional funds for the British government -\> led to "No taxation without representation"

Thomas Paine

author of Common Sense, said assailed the monarchy as an encroachment on Americans' natural rights and appealed to the colonists to form a better gov.

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Estates-General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners.

National Assembly

Third Estate declared themselves this body; First new government during the first stage of the French Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

a document recognizing natural rights and based on the ideas of the Enlightenment, the American Declaration of Independence, and the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Convention

became the ruling body under the new constitution in France, quickly abolished the monarchy and proclaimed France a republic

Jacobins

radical who led the Convention, imprisoned the royal family and beheaded the king for treason

Committee of Public Safety

an all-powerful enforcer of the revolution and murderer of anyone suspected of anti-revolutionary tendencies -\> reign of terror

Maximillien Robespierre

led the committee of public safety, which was responsible for the beheading of tens of thousands of French citizens

Directory

Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; only lasted for 4 years.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804

Napoleonic Codes

Recognized the equality of French citizens (meaning men), and institutionalized some of the Enlightenment ideas that had served as the original inspiration for many of the revolutionaries, extremely paternalistic, based on ancient Roman law

Prince von Metternich of Austria

Alexander I of Russia, Duke of Wellington of Britain,principle members of the coalition against Napolean

Waterloo

allies united against their common threat, defeating Napolean, and sending him to permanent exile

Congress of Vienna

Meetings in Vienna for the purpose of restoring order to Europe after the defeat of Napolean

balance of power

Congress decreed that a balance of power should be maintained among the existing powers of Europe to avoid the rise of another Napolean

Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture

Former slave who led a violent, but ultimately successful slave revolt against the French in Haiti

Jacques Dessalines

proclaimed Haiti a free republic and named himself governor-general for life

Simon Bolivar

helped establish and national congress and helped Venezuela declare independence from Spain

Jose de San Martin

Led revolts for Argentina and worked with Bolivar to free Peru from Spanish rule

John VI

King of Portugal who fled to Brazil when Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807; father of Pedro I

Pedro II

pedro abdicated his power to Pedro II, who reformed Brazilian society in many way and turned it into a major exporter of coffee, abolished slavery

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who led peasants in a revolt against Spanish rule

Jose Morelos

led revolutionaries further successes against the loyalists after Hidalgo

Treaty of Cordoba

Ended Spanish rule in Mexico and made Mexico an independent nation.

Neocolonialism

Independent countries that were still largely controlled by outside economic and political interests(Latin America)

Mexican Revolution

A revolution that ended a 30 year dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, by Francisco Madero, who was eventually overthrown aswell.

Túpac Amaru II

Led a revolt in Peru against the Spanish occupiers

Samory Touré

Established the Islamic Wassoulou Empire, and lead a popular resistance to the French Colonial Presence

Ghost Dance

The Sioux performed a sacred ritual as an act of resistance against the U.S. government

Mahadists

Led by Muhammad Ahmad this group led a revolt that was ultimately stymied by the intervening British

Enclosure

Public lands that were shared during the Middle Ages were enclosed by fences which allowed for private farming and private gain

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Domestic System

Early inefficient, labor-intensive industrial labor system in which workers produced goods at home or in small shops

Flying shuttle

An invention that sped up the weaving process

Spinning Jenny

A machine that could spin vasts amount of threads at once

Cotton Gin

A machine that could quickly process massive amounts of cotton

Steam Engine

an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power.

Steamship

ship moved by engines that work by the action of steam under pressure

Steam-Powered Locomotive

A railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine.

The Telegraph

Allowed people to communicate across great distances within seconds

The Telephone

Allowed for the transmission of vocal and other sounds electronically

Charles Darwin

Developed the concept of evolution by means of natural selection

Interchangeable parts

Machines and their parts that were produced uniformly

Assembly line

A production method in which the product moves past workers who each do one assigned production task

Adam Smith

wrote "the wealth of nations" and supported private ownership

Free-market system

(Or Capitalism)a system where economic decisions are made by the free choices of producers and consumers

Laissez-faire capitalism

an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are all privately owned with minimal or no government interference

Karl Marx

A Economist who stated that the working class would eventually revolt and talk control of the means of production.

Luddites

A group of workers who broke into factories and destroyed machinery to protest working conditions and low wages

Factory Act of 1883

A British reform which limited the hours of each workday, restricted children from working in factories, and required factory owners to make working conditions safer and cleaner.

Labor unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

Social Mobility

The ability of individuals to work their way up from one social class to the next

Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian nationalist who raised a volunteer army and overthrew the kingdom whose citizens pledged allegiance to Sardinia

Franco-Prussian War

A war which consolidated the German Catholic regions under Prussian control

King William I

Crowned as the emperor of the new German empire or the Second Reich (The first Reich being the Holy Roman Empire )