APUSH Period 7-II

T

T/F: When consumer prices rose after the war, workers became more willing to strike for higher wages and shorter working hours.

T

T/F: To decrease support for labor unions and strikes, businesses and critics associated them with Communism to scare the public.

F

T/F: After the war, black Americans were appreciated and respected for their service.

Red Summer

a period in mid-1919 during which white supremacist terrorism and racial riots occurred across the US; started when a mob of Whites invaded a Black neighborhood in Texas due to rumors of interracial dating; many black people were killed or injured and shops/houses were destroyed; turning point for many African Americans; many believed African Americans were becoming Communists due to riots

Elaine Massacre

massacre of a group of black sharecroppers who met in a church to organize a labor union; some were armed because they feared attack; when attacked, one sharecropper fire back, killing an attacker; Arkansas governor ordered 600 federal soldier and local police to arrest them and told them to shoot anyone who resisted arrest; ended up killing 200 black men, women, and children

First Red Scare

a period of fear of communism and persecution from 1917-1920; began after WW1; fueled by discovery of bombs sent to government officials by anarchists and communists; resulted in the deportation of 450 alien “radicals,” most of whom were law-abiding Russian immigrants; additionally, vigilantes began killing people who didn’t show total patriotism

American Protective League

a group founded during WW1 to root out “traitors” and labor radicals; used during First Red Scare as informants to get immigrants to deport

Palmer Raids

a series of government actions against suspected radicals, anarchists, and communists commenced in 1919 by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer; rounded up 450 alien “radicals” (law-abiding Russian immigrants) and deported them

T

T/F: After WW1, there was an economic boom fueled by new technology that increased the standard of living for many Americans.

Prohibition

the banning of the manufacture, storage, transportation, sale, possession, and consumption of alcoholic beverages; the Eighteenth Amendment; “Drys” who followed the law were mostly traditionalists who valued family and traditional roles; “Wets” who broke the law were usually immigrants, urban people, young people, and modernists; pharmacies can get legal alcohol for medicine, some people sell it instead of using it for medicine

Nineteenth Amendment

amendment which granted women the right to vote; left out African-American women

T

T/F: Cultural conflict during the twenties mainly grew out of tensions between rural and urban ways of life.

F

T/F: Both urban and rural areas thrived during the 20s.

F

T/F: Progressivism was still strong after WW1 and during the 20s.

T

T/F: The demand for social reform shifted into a drive for moral righteousness and social conformity.

Harlem Renaissance

an intellectual and cultural revival of African American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, and more; first self-conscious Black literary and artistic movement; began in the predominantly black Harlem; celebrated African American culture, especially jazz and the blues; led by Alain Locke, who went to Harvard and was a Rhodes scholar; women were active in the movement

Black nationalism

belief which promoted Black separatism from mainstream American life; led by Marcus Garvey, who brought the Universal Negro Improvement Association to Harlem; encouraged black power; wanted to build an all-Black empire in Africa; very anti-white; appealed to poor Blacks, but appalled Black leaders

Marcus Garvey

leader of black nationalism movement and founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association

NAACP

an organization founded in 1910 by Black activists and White progressives to support racial equality; embraced the progressive idea that the solution to social problems begins with educations; focused political strategy on legal action; launched a national campaign against lynching

Sigmund Freud

founder of modern psychoanalysis; insisted the mind is mysteriously “conflicted” by unconscious efforts to control or repress powerful irrational impulses and sexual desires; ideas led to “talk therapy” for troubled people; young people saw his ideas and scientific justification for rebelling against social conventions and indulging in sex; shocked traditionalists

flappers

young women who drove automobiles ,cut their hair short, wore minimal underclothing, gauzy fabrics, sheer stockings, and plenty of makeup; joined young men in smoking cigarettes, drinking and gambling, and dancing to jazz; carefree version of feminism

Margaret Sanger

sex educator, nurse, and birth control activist; founded Planned Parenthood; distributed birth-control information to working-class women, despite the fact it was a crime; fought to legalize birth control

T

T/F: Despite the feminist movement, many women were still forced to stay in a domestic role.

modernism

an intellectual movement that viewed conventional Christian morality as the greatest obstacle to artistic creativity and personal freedom; was not sudden, grew out of recognition that Western civilization was changing; got rid of rational world of order and certainty; three assumptions: god does not exist, reality is not rational, social progress can not be taken for granted

Einstein

German physician who caused young people in the 20s to believe in relativity more than absolutes in truth and morality

a

Modernist art was made to be…

a) confusing and difficult to understand

b) straightforward and traditional

c) easy to interpret and new

Warren Harding

promised normalcy during his presidency; won because Democratic party was busy with postwar issues; had to deal with slumping economy due to wartime taxes and debt, which Andrew Mellon dealt with; very progressive with race, advocated for anti-lynching laws, desegregation, and voting rights; endorsed collected bargaining and tried to reduce the twelve-hour workday and six-day workweek; his administration was the victim of several scandals

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of Treasury for Harding; persuaded Congress to pass the Budget and Accounting Act; created tax reductions and increased tax revenues; reduced federal budget and decreased unemployment

Budget and Accounting Act

Act passed by Andrew Mellon; created a Bureau of the Budget to streamline the annual budget-making process; created a General Accounting Office to audit spending by federal agencies; brought greater efficiency and nonpartisanship to the budget preparation process

open shop

a system of business where workers are not required to join a union; meant so that businesses could hire anyone, but ended up in discrimination against unionized workers

yellow-dog

To suppress unions, employers often required new workers to sign _____________ contracts, which forced them to agree not to join a union.

welfare capitalism

Some employers, such as Henry Ford, tried to kill the unions with kindness by introducing programs of industrial democracy guided by company-sponsored unions or various schemes of ___________________, such as profit sharing, bonuses, pensions, health programs, recreational activities, and the like.

T

T/F: Although the anti-union efforts of businesses paid off, it created a “purchasing crisis” where the working poor were not making enough money to buy the goods being produced by companies.

Teapot Dome Scandal

a bribery incident which took place during the administration of President Warren G. Harding; Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome to private oil companies without competitive bidding at low rates; in 1922 and 1923, the leases became the subject of a sensational investigation; Fall was later convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies

T

T/F: The Great Depression was caused by a lack of money in circulation and an imbalance between production and consumption.

Farmers’ Holiday Association

organization made by Iowa farmers to argue their case for government assistance during the Great Depression; threatened to strike if their needs were not met, withholding crops, milk, and livestock from markets

Cornbelt Rebellion

rebellion during the Great Depression in which a group of farmers blockaded roads and prevented the movement of milk and grains to protest a lack of government assistance

T

T/F: During the Great Depression, there was increasing support for unions and communism.

T

T/F: Many business executive, professional, and lower class people went without food and medical care to avoid the humiliation of “going on relief.”

T

T/F: Homelessness and hunger were at an all-time high during the Great Depression.

F

T/F: During the Great Depression, there were more immigrants than emigrants.

Revenue Act of 1932

act which increased taxes during Great Depression; bad decision by Hoover because it caused consumers to spend even less money and took more money out of circulation; Hoover cut spending too, so now federal programs were created

Hooverville

Great Depression shantytowns that would sprout in vacant lots; shacks made of cardboard, wood and metal; named after president as a criticism

socialism

Hoover refused to provide any federal programs to help the needy for fear that the nation would be “plunged into __________.”

F

T/F: Hoover abandoned his personal philosophy of “self-reliance” to help the American people during the Great Depression.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

organization created by Hoover to make emergency loans to banks, life insurance companies, and railroads; received criticism because it supported businesses instead of people

Emergency Relief Act

act which authorized the RFC to make loans to states for infrastructure projects; critics called it a “breadline” for businesses while the unemployed went hungry

Bonus Expeditionary Force

protest march on Washington, D.C., by thousands of military veterans and their families, calling for immediate payment of their service bonus certificates; violence ensued when President Herbert Hoover ordered their tent villages cleared; army chief of staff ordered his forces to destroy the camp, against Hoover’s directive; PR disaster and won the election for Democrats

T

T/F: During his campaign, Roosevelt stressed the need for “bold, persistent experimentation” to deal with the Depression.

First New Deal

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s ambitious first-term cluster of economic and social programs designed to combat the Great Depression; aimed to provide short-term relief for the unemployed, encourage agreement between management and unions to prevent businesses from failing, and would raise prices of farm goods by paying farmers to reduce crop size

Emergency Banking Relief Act

act which declared a four-day bank holiday to allow the financial panic to subside

Emergency Banking Act of 1933

act which aimed to restore confidence in banks and inject $2 billion of new cash into the economy; Roosevelt told Americans that keeping money in a bank was safe, so they all put their money back in banks

F

T/F: Roosevelt took America off the gold standard, which proved to only make the Great Depression worse.

Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933

act which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; called for the separation of commercial banking from investment banking to prevent banks from investing the savings of depositors in the stock market; Federal Reserve Board was given more authority to intervene in future financial emergencies

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

government corporation created during Great Depression which insured customer bank accounts up to $2500, reducing the likelihood of future panics

Securities Act of 1933

act which regulated the sale of stock and bonds; required every corporation that issued stock for public sale to disclose all relevant information about the operations and management of the company so investors knew what they were buying

Securities and Exchange Commission

commission created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; created to enforce the new laws and regulations governing the issuance and trading of stocks and bonds

Economy Act

act which allowed the president to cut government workers’ salaries, reduce payments to military veteran for non-service-connected disabilities and reorganize federal agencies; policies designed to reduce government expenses and balance federal budget

T

T/F: Roosevelt repealed Prohibition because the law was widely violated, most Democrats wanted to end it, and he could get tax revenue from the sale of alcohol.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

government program that sent money to states to spend on the unemployed and homeless; state-sponsored programs were proven to be inadequate

Civil Works Administration

government program which was the first large-scale federal effort to put people directly on the government payroll at competitive wages; organized a variety of useful projects, including improving infrastructure and teaching; was dissolved due to high cost

Civilian Conservation Corps

government program which built 2500 camps in forty-seven states to house half a million unemployed, unmarried young men ages seventeen to twenty-seven; women were not allowed, blacks and natives were segregated; enrollees were provided shelter, given uniforms, food, and $30 wage ($25 for home); did environmental and conservation work; most successful New Deal program

Home Owners’ Loan Corporation

government program which helped people refinance their mortgages at lower interest rates

Federal Housing Administration

government program which offered mortgages of much longer duration (twenty years) to reduce monthly payments; before, mortgages had terms of less than ten years

Tennessee Valley Authority

government program which brought electrical power, flood control efforts, and jobs to Appalachia; South lagged behind the rest of country in economy and quality of life, so Roosevelt wanted to improve it

Eleanor Roosevelt

wife of FDR; fought for civil and human rights; changed the role of the First Lady

T

T/F: FDR was never as progressive on social issues as most people though he was and he showed little interest in black issues.

c

FDR and New Dealers were forced to make devil’s bargains with ___________ senators, letting them force discriminatory provisions into New Deal legislation.

a) northern

b) western

c) southern

sharecroppers

While the AAA had good intentions in paying farmers to take land out of production, it caused __________ (black and white) to lose their jobs.

black cabinet

group of Black administrative officials who lobbied FDR to end racial discrimination in the federal workforce; led by Mary McLeod Bethune, director of the Division of Negro Affairs within the National Youth Administration

Scottsboro trials

major U.S. civil rights controversy of the 1930s surrounding the prosecution in Scottsboro, Alabama, of nine black youths charged with the rape of two white women; later dropped charges, but the case represented the continuing racial injustice in the South

Indian New Deal

diluted version of the Indian Reorganization Act; original law would have granted natives the right to start businesses, establish self-governing constitution, and receive federal funds for vocational training and economic development

T

T/F: The Great Depression inspired many writers, such as John Steinbeck and Richard Wright, to write about themes of social significance.

Share-the-Wealth Society

plan created by Huey Long, a “populist” opponent of FDR; used plan to launch presidency; proposed to raise taxes on the wealthiest Americans and redistribute the money to “the people,” giving wage workers an annual income, providing pensions to retirees, reducing the workweek, giving annual vacations, paying bonuses to military veterans, and enabling qualified students to attend college or vocational school; wasn’t realistic due to money issues; popularity of Long forced FDR to adopt more progressive programs

Townsend Plan

created by populistic capitalist opponent Francis Townsend; wanted federal government to pay $200 a month to every American over sixty who agreed to quit working; recipients would have to spend the money each month; income numbers did not add up

Father Coughlin

_____________ was an outspoke critic of FDR and the New Deal who claimed that the president was “anti-God” and the New Deal was a Communist conspiracy.

seven

The Supreme Court ruled against New Deal programs in _________ out of nine major cases because they believed the programs were unconstitutional and violated certain laws.

Second New Deal

expansive cluster of legislation proposed by President Roosevelt that established new regulatory agencies, strengthened the rights of workers to organize unions, and laid the foundation of a federal social welfare system through the creation of Social Security; much more progressive than First New Deal

Works Progress Administration

government agency which became the nation’s largest employer; funded by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act; built highways and road, created parks, restored bridges, and hired artists, actors, writer, and musicians; also covered National Youth Administration, which provided part-time employment to students and aid to jobless youths

Wagner Act

also called National Labor Relations Act; guaranteed workers the right to organize unions and bargain directly with management about wages and other issues; created a National Labor Relations Board to oversee union activities and ensure that management bargained with them in good faith

Social Security Act

legislation enacted to provide federal assistance to retired workers through tax-funded pension payments and benefit payments to the unemployed and disabled; workers and employers contributed monthly payroll taxes to establish the fund; conservative compared to Europe; hurt poor more than the rich; excluded low-paid workers and African-Americans;

Wealth-Tax Act

aka Revenue Act of 1935; raised tax rates on the rich, in part because of stories that many wealthy Americans were not paying taxes; not popular with business leaders

T

T/F: During the early 1930s, Germany, Japan, and Italy all became expanding fascist countries.

F

T/F: Before WW2, Hitler followed the Versailles treaty’s rules and regulations religiously.

Asia

Japan was not concerned with European affairs; rather, it aimed to be the biggest power in _______.

Atlantic Charter

joint statement by Roosevelt and Churchill; pledged that after the final destruction of Nazi tyranny, the victors would promote the self-determination of all peoples, economic cooperation, freedom of the seas, and a multination system of international security called the United Nations; endorsed by eleven anti-Axis nations; meant to convince Americans to get involved in the War

Battle of the Atlantic

series of conflicts between German U-boats and American ships; Germans fired first; Roosevelt ordered warships to protect shipping convoys all the way to Iceland and “shoot on sight” any German submarines; after more attacks, Roosevelt allowed freighters and oil tankers to be armed and to enter combat zones and the ports of nations at war; Germany still destroyed Allied ships and caused them to lose supplies; climaxed when British and Americans cracked German naval radio codes, enabling Allied convoys to steer clear of U-boats or hunt them done with warplanes and new anti-submarine weapons; this victory allowed Allies to win

Tripartite Pact

pact between Japanese, Italian, and German government to declare war on any nation that attacked any one of them; forced US to stay neutral so it wouldn’t have to fight a two-ocean war; Roosevelt responded by cutting off all steel, iron ore, copper, and brass shipments to Japan

Pearl Harbor

site of 1941 attack by Japanese warplanes; all eight battleships moored there were sunk or disabled, along with eleven other ships and 180 U.S. warplanes; raid killed more than 2,400 civilians and servicemen (mostly sailors) and wounded nearly 1,200 more; caused the United States to declare war on Japan and join WW2

War Powers Act

act which gave the president far-reaching authority to reorganize government agencies and create new ones, regulate business and industry, and even censor mail and other forms of communication

T

T/F: The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor destroyed the isolationist movement.

F

T/F: The Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings were the only civilian bombings the US did during WW2.

Casablanca Conference

conference of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Anglo-America military chiefs (Stalin chose to stay in the Soviet Union); British convinced Americans to assault Sicily; decided to step up bombing of German cities; agreed to increase shipment of military supplies to the Soviet Union and the Nationalist Chinese forces fighting the Japanese; Roosevelt announced that the war would only end with the unconditional surrender of enemy national (to ease Soviet suspicions that Anglo-Americans might negotiate with Hitler separately to end the war)

D-Day

the day that the combined Allied armies led a massive invasion on the beaches of Normandy, France; Allies positioned decoy troops and made misleading public statements to trick the Nazis; paratroopers were dropped behind enemy lines to clear the way for the invasion; massive ships dropped off soldiers, who were immediately subject to machine gun fire; greatest seaborne invasion in the history of warfare, but small when combined to Soviet offensive in the east; trapped German forces between Soviets to the east and Allies from west and south

Battle of Coral Sea

Japanese-American battle where US warplanes forced a Japanese invasion fleet headed toward New Guinea to turn back after sinking an aircraft carrier and destroying seventy planes

Battle of Midway

1942 battle that proved to be the turning point in the Pacific front during World War II; it was the Japanese navy’s first major defeat in 350 years; Japanese tried to strike Pearl Harbor again, but Americans cracked Japanese military radio code, allowed the commander to learn where the Japanese were going

island-hopping

also called leapfrogging; military strategy used in the Pacific against the Japanese during WW2 whereby the most important islands were liberated and others were bypassed, isolating Japanese bases

Battle of Leyte Gulf

1944 World War II naval battle between the United States and Japan in the Philippines; largest naval engagement in history; US made a trap, and brought more warships to fight against the Japanese ships; Japanese navy was defeated and battle marked the end of the great Japanese Imperial Navy

kamikaze

Japanese airborne suicide bomb attacks, also known as ___________ attacks, were first used in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte Gulf.

Operation Downfall

military operation for the invasion of the Japan home islands during WW2; Japan mobilized civilians into a national militia to defend the home islands; to weaken Japanese defenses, destroy their war-related industries, and erode civilian morale, US ordered napalm bomb raids on Japanese cities; no moral qualms about targeting civilians; no public outcry in the US