Exam 3

What are the three main processes in memory?

Encoding, storage, retrieval

What is Encoding?

initially registering/ being conscious of information

What is Storage?

maintaining info over time

What is Retrieval?

recovering info from memory

What is this model

Three stage model of memory

What is the capacity of sensory memory?

Large

What is the duration of sensory memory?

Brief ( 2 seconds)

What is the function of sensory memory?

preserve sensations; gives you more time to recognize info that could be important that you would usually miss

What is the capacity of short term memory (STM)?

very small; "magic number 7 +/- 2"

What is the duration of STM?

10-30 seconds

What is the function of STM?

Actively recode info as it moves from sensory to LTM, and work with info retrieved from LTM.

What is the capacity of long term memory (LTM)?

unlimited

What is the duration of LTM?

unlimited

What is the function of LTM?

storage

Sensory memory def.

Registers info about environment in original sensory form (5 senses)

Iconic memory def.

sensory memory for visual info (after images, flip books)

Echoic memory def.

sensory memory for sound (echoes)

How does info from sensory memory to STM?

encoding

What contributes to forgetting/losing info from sensory memory?

If you do not pay attention to it you will forget it

STM def.

a temporary memory stage for info from sensory and LTM

How is STM similar to "an open/active window" on a computer?

the info is currently on your mind

Why is STM called "working memory"?

it holds sensory and LTM for a short amount of time

What is maintenance rehearsal & how does it affect STM?

mental/ verbally repeating info; it helps increase the amount of time you remember things in STM.

What is recoding?

converting info from original form to one that is easily stored and retrieved. (ROY G BIV)

What is a memory trace (engram)?

neural connections representing a piece of info

LTM def.

a memory stage that hold info over time

What is decay?

the memory starts to fade

What is Shallow processing?

focusing on superficial aspects of the info (unimportant details)

Examples of shallow processing

maintenance rehearsal, memorization

What is deep processing?

focusing on the meaning of the info

Examples of deep processing

elaborative rehearsal, self-reference effect, visual imagery, retrieval practice

Elaborative rehearsal def.

focusing on the meaning of new info be relating it to info you already know (create analogies, reword def., make up new examples-neuron looks like a tree)

Self-reference effect def.

relating new info to yourself ( come up with ex. from your life/apply them to yourself)

Visual imagery def.

creating a image linked to new info ( use/draw pictures/ diagrams from book, visualize examples)

The testing effect (retrieval practice) def.

recalling info without help (flashcards, answer ?'s in textbook, complete online quizzes)

What is personality?

the combined pattern of thoughts, emptions, & behaviors that define how a person typically responds to their world.

What is a trait?

a specific characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking or feeling

How are traits different from personalities?

a trait is specific

What is the criteria for a personality trait?

consistency, stability, distinctiveness

What is consistency for a PT?

consistency across situations

What is stability for a PT?

stability over time, doesn't change over time

What is distinctiveness for a PT?

distinctiveness or variation among people

What is a surface trait?

traits that are observed, you can see them

What is a source trait?

basic dimensions of a personality from which surface traits derived, glue to surface traits

What is the Gordon Allport technique called?

Lexical approach/hypothesis

What is factor analysis?

a statistical method that detects relations among items on a scale

How is factor analysis used to study source traits?

See what traits associate with the others (scatterplot)

Big 5 source traits

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Openness surface traits

High: unconventional, curious, creative
Low: practical, traditional, conforming

Conscientiousness surface traits

High: organized, reliable, responsible
Low: disorganized, a bit lazy, undependable

Extraversion surface traits

High: seeks external excitement and social contact
Low: seeks alone time, reserved, passive

Agreeableness surface traits

High: compassionate and trusting
Low: cynical, uncooperative, rude

Neuroticism surface traits

High: emotionally unstable and negative
Low: emotionally stable

Trait theory pros

Universal, a few source traits can give a comprehensive description of people

Trait theory cons

it is not explanatory ( doesn't say why you are like that)

DR4R related to personality

sensation seeking, involved in DA production, long (less effective) and short gene

What is Eyesenk's biological perspective on personality?

differences in personality are due to genes and nervous system activity

Eyesenk's applied to extraversion (cerebral cortex activity)

High: base line is way below optimal
Low: base line is optimal

Which part of the brain is related to neuroticism?

amygdala- emotional expression, negative emotions

Which part of the brain is related to conscientiousness?

prefrontal cortex- logical thinking and decision making

Adoption studies

adopted kids are more like their biological than their adopted parents (PA)

Twin studies

identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins (PA)

From adoptions and twin studies what do we know about PA?

Genes do play a role in our personalities

What is reciprocal determinism?

the two-way interaction between a person's cognition, behaviors and their environment that shapes personality

evidence environment influences PA.

environmental factors amplify or diminish personality predispositions

What is a shared environment?

living conditions that family members share

What is a non-shared environment?

unique aspects of a person's life that is not shared with family

What effect does a shared environment have on PA?

little effect on personality

Do parenting skills/style/ behavior affect the PA of their children?

not really, is it different between children

What is individualistic culture?

people see themselves as autonomous and their own goals are prized above relations with others

What is collectivistic culture?

people see themselves as embedded in relationships, and groups harmony is prized above their own goals

What is an objective test

a test you answer that has simple questions (yes/no scale, t/f)

What does reliability mean with regard to a personality test?

when a person takes the test on different occasions they get similar results

What does validity mean with regard to a personality test?

scores on the test accurately predict related behaviors (measures what it claims to measure)

What is misinformation?

any false info that is not intended to deceive

What is disinformation?

false info that is shared in order to mislead people

What is debunking?

correcting false info with facts

What is the continued influence effect?

relying on inaccurate info even after it has been corrected

What is the illusory truth effect?

misinformation that has been heard multiple times feels familiar and is judged to be more true than new correct info

What is the central route of persuasion?

the process of presenting a direct relevant argument to persuade a person ( PINK organization ex.)

What is the peripheral route of persuasion?

the process of using superficial and irrelevant cues to persuade a person ( celeb in any ad)

What is the triad of trustworthiness?

likability, authority, honesty

What are some of the ways that people (& social media accounts) try to manipulate their perceived trustworthiness?

attractive woman, everyday guys, reposting celebs, for or against, using our passions and biases against us

What techniques have psychologists discovered to defend against persuasion (and misinformation and disinformation)?

prebunking (inculation), stinging

What is inoculation & prebunking?

forewarning of possible misinformation and providing a preemptive refutation

What is stinging?

allow a person to be persuaded, but afterward, point out that they fell prey to a particular trick (sting)

What is social influence?

people can change their beliefs, opinions, and behavior bc of the people around them

What is obedience?

responding to an order or command from a person in a position of authority

What does “intergroup relations” refer to?

how people from different social groups think, feel, and act toward one another

What is prejudice?

an unjustified negative attitude toward a person or group because of their group membership (feeling/emotion dislike, disgust, anger, fear, envy...)

What is stereotyping?

an exaggeration and overgeneralization belief held about a group ( cognition/thoughts; impressions, images, expectations, woman= caring for child)

What is discrimination?

treating people unequally on the basis of their group membership ( actions; negative actions/behaviors toward outgroups, undue favorable of ingroups)

What is a hate crime?

criminal offense which is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offenders bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, gender identity

What is genocide?

killing of a large group of people from a particular groups membership

What are the characteristics of Blatant/explicit/old-fashioned biases?

conscious and intentional biases, openly supporting discrimination laws and practices, openly expressing strong prejudice and negative stereotypes

What contributed to the change or transformation of biases that psychologists have found while researching these biases?

new social norm developed: being prejudice is bad, people were also hiding them

What is the evidence that these biases have changed?

research shows that people do not report as many ST as they used to, and they were less negative

What is the evidence that these biases still linger?

research also found that people hide their stereotypes, bogus pipeline, what do "you" believe vs. "others"

What is the “you” vs. “others” technique?

Asked what other stereotypes other have compared to you

What is the bogus pipeline technique?

Fake lie detector test