FOR430 Exam 1

utilitarian perspective

forest is healthy if management objectives are satisfied and desired products are produced

ecosystem perspective

forest is healthy is an ecosystem is in balance; ecosystem functions and processes are sustained

forest health

involves complex interactions among a variety of contributing factors

biotic forest health factors

insects, pathogens, invasive plants

native

evolved within the ecosystem, but can still be harmful

exotic

found in a new ecosystem w/ no threats, but does not cause problems

invasive

exotic organisms that cause serious damage to their ecosystem

abiotic factors of forest health

water stress, natural disasters, wildfire

management issues

off-site planting, market issues, overstocking, lack of thinning

anthropogenic disturbances

saltwater intrusion, climate change, air pollution

fragmentation

breaking up forests into smaller, less resilient patches

pest impacts

stand mortality; functional/ numerical extinction; reduced growth, urban forest issues (heat islands/ hazard trees/ reduced property value)

resistance

ability of a stand to absorb the disturbance and maintain itself

resilience

capacity for a stand to regain normal function following disturbance

stability

ability of a stand to resist change; a function of resistance and resilience

Arthropods

bilateral symmetry, exoskeleton, segmented body and joint appendages

chitin

carbohydrate that makes up the exoskeleton

arthropod body structure

head→ thorax→ abdomen

exoskeleton benefits

provides site for muscle attachment, prevents desiccation, physical protection

exoskeleton limitations

requires molting and vulnerability; heavy (restricts size)

Crustacea

lobsters, shrimp, crabs, pillbugs; they have a cephalothorax and mostly aquatic

chilopoda

centipedes; many segments with 2 legs/segment; venomous fangs

Diplopoda

millipede; 4 legs/segment; vegetation feeders

Arachnida

horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks; cephalothorax w/ 4 pairs of walking legs and pincer mouthparts

Insecta

3 body regions; 3 pairs of walking legs; 1 pair of antennae

importance of insects

pollination of flowering plants and agricultural crops

feed for livestock

decomposition of organic matter

aerate and maintain healthy soil

insect products

pests

less than 1% of all insects; nuisance (bedbugs), physical health (disease vectors), mental health (delusional parasitosis), structural (termites)

destroy 10% of stored food supply annually

exoskeleton

hard protective covering made of chitin that surrounds the whole body

head function

food intake, sensory intake, and information processing

chewing

paired mandibles that tear and bite food and then grind until it can digest it

piercing-sucking

beaks or stylets that consume liquid diets such as blood; 2 channels (taking in food and salivary secretions)

sponging

non-invasive intake of liquid; exposed food or liquids; labella have grooves that pull in liquid with capillarya ction

siphoning

proboscis works like a straw; nectar or water diets

chewing-lapping

lap up liquids but still have intact mandibles; honeybees

compound eyes

made of many individual ommatidia; make a mosaic view

ocelli

simple eyes; movement and light sensing

antennae

pair of antennae on most insects; used as OLFACTORY, tactile and for sound/humidity/temp; more complex on males because they can detect mating pheromones

thorax

locomotion and movement

prothorax

one pair of legs

mesothorax

forewings attached; another pair of legs

metathorax

hing wings attached and pair of legs

apterous

wingless adult insects

wing advantages

exploitation of new niches, host selection and search for food/mates; avoid predation

cursorial

running

saltatorial

jumping

raptorial

grabbing

fossorial

digging

natatorial

swimming

abdomen

contains internal organs; digestion/excretion/circulation/ reproduction

circulatory system

open; all internal structures bathed in hemocoel; ecotherms

hemocoel

internal blood-filled cavity

hemolymph

blood moved by the dorsal vessl

respiratory system

breathe oxygen through openings called spiracles into the trachea and tracheoles

aquatic insects

tracheal gills, breathing tubes

foregut

grinding and intake of food

midgut

digestion

hindgut

reabsorption of water and salts

malpighian tubules

absorption of waste products such as uric acid, similar to kidneys

central nervous system

brain and ventral nerve cord

brain

in the head, responsible for processing info from antennae and compound eyes

ganglia

nerve centers along the ventral cord that process info from nerves in the immediate area

chemical-based system

regulates growth, development and reproduction

hormones

transported via hemolymph to other parts of the body

hemimetabolous

simple metamorphosis; wings develop externally, no pupal stage

immatures are just smaller version of the adult stage

nymph

terrestrial immature

naiads

aquatic immatures

holometabolous

complete metamorphosis; wings develop internally during immature stages; has a pupal stage

larva→ pupa→ adult w/ instars

sign

physical evidence of presence of an insect, pathogen, invasive pant, etc.

symptom

plants reaction to biotic or abiotic health issue

hyperplasia

abnormal increase in cell number

hypertrophy

abnormal increase in cell size

lepidoptera

butterflies and moths; adult siphoning mouthparts (proboscis), larvae chewing mandibles; two pairs of wings; defoliators, woodborers

coleoptera

2 pairs of wings; forewings are elytra; chewing mouthparts; girdlers, borer, root feeders, decomposers

Hemiptera

composed of heteroptera, auchenorrhyncha, sternorrhyncha

heteroptera

true bugs; piercing/sucking mouthparts arising at front of the head; hemelytra forewings; make an X shape; PREDATORS (xylem/phloem eaters

Auchenorrhyncha

cicadas and hoppers; piercing/sucking; 2 pairs of membranous wings; mouth at back of head

sternorrhyncha

aphids and scales; piercing/sucking; filiform antennae, 2 membranous wing pairs; xylem and phloem feeders

Hymenoptera

mandibles; 2 pairs of wings with HAMULI (hooks attaching the sets); modified ovipositors into stingers; defoliators/wood borers/ predators

Diptera

flies; sponging or sucking/piercing; one pair of forewings and modified hindwings (HALTERES) for flight stability; vectors of disease, gall insects

blattodea

cockroaches and termites; madibles, primary decomposers; social insects with a caste system

phasmida

walking sticks/ leaf bugs; if present forewings are narrow and hingwings are broad; mandibles;long/ slender cursorial legs

orthoptera

grasshoppers, katydids; mandibles; two pairs of wings with stridulation (making noise); two cerci; sword shaped ovipositor

odonata

dragonflies and damselflies; 2 long pairs of wings; predators with mandibles; immatures are aquatic

Mantodea

mantids; biting/chewing; leathery forewings and membranous hindwings; raptorial forelegs

categories of plant disease

abiotic, biotic and declines

disease

collection of symptoms caused by a pathogen

pathogen

living organism that causes disease

obligate pathogens

attack only living plants

obligate saprophytes

attack only dead plants

facultative pathogens

attack living and dead plants

autotrophic pathogens

pathogens that can make their own food, but still derive benefits at the cost of their host

disease triangle

host, environment and pathogen (time)

disease cycle

distinct stages of interactions among the factors

Transmission

stage 1: dispersal of pathogen propagules from one host to another

infection

stage 2; entry of pathogen into the host plant

infection court

location of infection

colonization

invasion/ spread of pathogen throughout the plant tissue

parasitism

pathogen obtains food from the host plants

toxins

digest plants or disrupt plant defenses

growth regulators

disrupt normal plant growth and defense